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> Also "the safety guarantees that Rust provides are neither unique nor complete", while technically true, is also borderline FUD-y. At least you should expand on what you have in mind here, because I doubt that there exists a programing language that deals with low level hardware configuration that could ever provide "complete guarantees" about anything.

I meant inability to implement within the boundaries of safe Rust certain data structures and algorithms that ATS can prove to be safe. To name a few: stack-allocated closures, and safe pointer arithmetic programming [1]. For instance, ring buffers in Rust use "unsafe" and at some point there was a logical CVE in vec_deque that broke one invariant of the unsafe block [2]. Safe implementation of the ring buffer in ATS could be found in [1]

[1] http://www.ats-lang.org/MYDATA/SPPSV-padl05.pdf

[2] https://gts3.org/2019/cve-2018-1000657.html

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> stack-allocated closures

Rust routinely proves these to be safe.

> safe pointer arithmetic programming

You can't directly prove the pointer arithmetic safe with the compiler, but we routinely write a small amount of unsafe code which the programmer is confident in (and depending on the project that can mean an informal proof), and then re-use the data-structure that unsafe code created millions of times.

A ring buffer is a great example. Vecdeque is implemented once in the standard library, everyone who uses Vecdeque can do so in completely safe code provided the small amount of code in Vecdeque is safe.

This is orders of magnitude better than C, where every user of the ring buffer might make a mistake and cause a bug (or at least the API has no way of communicating that that is not the case, and in general the type system isn't expressive enough to make APIs that force that to be the case). It's not clear that taking the next step to proving the ring buffer implementation itself is correct to is actually worth the effort (it's not clear that it's not, but you need to make that cost benefit analysis, and I highly doubt it would be anywhere close to uncontroversially the case).

> Vecdeque is implemented once in the standard library

it is, what about other similar cases of using pointers in other data-structures and algorithms that are not part of the Rust standard library?

They are implemented once in a crate on crates.io and similarly re-used. Or in a code base like Linux with some unique requirements they'll be implemented once there and re-used many times there.

As it turns out most code isn't datastructures with unique memory requirements (i.e. that can't be implemented in terms of other datastructures), most code just re-uses existing datastructures.

> they are implemented once in a crate on crates.io and similarly re-used.

this doesn't automatically prevent the code from containing CVE, does it?

> As it turns out most code isn't datastructures with unique memory requirements

most code that has been written in Rust so far. But when you enter a territory of OS kernels, unique memory requirements and data structures such as ring buffers and dynamic mutable trees are the things that have to be implemented according to the requirements, and we want them to be implemented as efficiently as C is capable of, and correctly. Falling back to "unsafe" is an option, but it's hardly an argument that supports the effort of bringing safety to such a kernel.

But let's say that we've solved pointer issues. What about dependent types and totality checking? ATS has that [1] [2]

[1] http://ats-lang.github.io/DOCUMENT/INT2PROGINATS/HTML/INT2PR...

[2] http://ats-lang.github.io/DOCUMENT/INT2PROGINATS/HTML/INT2PR...

> this doesn't automatically prevent the code from containing CVE, does it?

There are certainly tools to detect any known CVEs, and tools to help you audit the unsafe code that you are using. They don't provide rigorous proofs automatically of course, the same way the standard library is generally not rigorously proved to be correct.

> But when you enter a territory of OS kernels,

Nothing really changes, see redox as an example of a fairly "complete" kernel written in rust with a reasonably low amount of unsafe.

> we want them to be implemented as efficiently as C is capable of,

This is already the case with Rust's typical library system. Generic libraries in rust are not less efficient.

In the real world rust datastructures are typically more efficient in my experience because the clean separation makes it easy to optimize the hell out of them.

> What about dependent types

That's a tool not a problem - you have yet to provide an argument that they are necessary and real world experience says that Rust achieves a meaningful amount of safety and convenience without them.

> totality checking

That's also a tool not a problem, and you could argue that rust's ADTs (enums) give you a weak version of it.

> There are certainly tools to detect any known CVEs, and tools to help you audit the unsafe code that you are using.

so they don't automatically prevent the code from containing new CVEs.

> That's a tool not a problem - you have yet to provide an argument that they are necessary and real world experience says that Rust achieves a meaningful amount of safety and convenience without them.

I can argue along the same line that Rust is a tool not a problem, and that you need to prove that Rust has a "meaningful" amount of safety. When you say that something has "meaningful amount of sth" you should add to whom it is meaningful and based on what criteria. Or, alternatively, you can stay on a pure technical aspect of the matter and conclude that the safety part of the language is not complete.

> That's also a tool not a problem, and you could argue that rust's ADTs (enums) give you a weak version of it.

totality checking is not exhaustiveness checking, there are two more properties that enums are unable to express in any "weak" form - termination and productiveness.

ATS is also harder to understand[1] (in my experience) and has a fraction of a fraction of the adoption rust managed to get, despite being older. To me that suggests that rust is more approachable, has better documentation, and would be used by more people if supported by the kernel.

[1] and really, I'm an OCaml developer and I can write rust; yet ATS' syntax looks terrible and very complicated. Its website and tooling make it appear like a research language made by one person. I don't know if that's really the case.

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