It is not that black and white:
AFAIK and IIRC it is more like this:
- yes: Telegram gives data about members of public groups/channels
- no: Telegram does not give out information from closed groups / personal chats, and they go to great lengths to prevent that information from becoming available. We might be sceptical all we want about the custom crypto, but I've seen no credible source that I can think of that have backs you statement except the limited example I gave above.
Happy to learn more though.