English as a second language: Test results on the most fluent countries
economist.com
economist.com
Rank, Country, EF EPI Score, Level
1 Norway 69.09 Very High Proficiency
2 Netherlands 67.93 Very High Proficiency
3 Denmark 66.58 Very High Proficiency
4 Sweden 66.26 Very High Proficiency
5 Finland 61.25 Very High Proficiency
6 Austria 58.58 High Proficiency
7 Belgium 57.23 High Proficiency
8 Germany 56.64 High Proficiency
9 Malaysia 55.54 High Proficiency
10 Poland 54.62 Moderate Proficiency
11 Switzerland 54.60 Moderate Proficiency
12 Hong Kong 54.44 Moderate Proficiency
13 South Korea 54.19 Moderate Proficiency
14 Japan 54.17 Moderate Proficiency
15 Portugal 53.62 Moderate Proficiency
16 Argentina 53.49 Moderate Proficiency
17 France 53.16 Moderate Proficiency
18 Mexico 51.48 Moderate Proficiency
19 Czech Republic 51.31 Moderate Proficiency
20 Hungary 50.80 Moderate Proficiency
21 Slovakia 50.64 Moderate Proficiency
22 Costa Rica 49.15 Low Proficiency
23 Italy 49.05 Low Proficiency
24 Spain 49.01 Low Proficiency
25 Taiwan 48.93 Low Proficiency
26 Saudi Arabia 48.05 Low Proficiency
27 Guatemala 47.80 Low Proficiency
28 El Salvador 47.65 Low Proficiency
29 China 47.62 Low Proficiency
30 India 47.35 Low Proficiency
31 Brazil 47.27 Low Proficiency
32 Russia 45.79 Low Proficiency
33 Dominican Republic 44.91 Very Low Proficiency
34 Indonesia 44.78 Very Low Proficiency
35 Peru 44.71 Very Low Proficiency
36 Chile 44.63 Very Low Proficiency
37 Ecuador 44.54 Very Low Proficiency
38 Venezuela 44.43 Very Low Proficiency
39 Vietnam 44.32 Very Low Proficiency
40 Panama 43.62 Very Low Proficiency
41 Colombia 42.77 Very Low Proficiency
42 Thailand 39.41 Very Low Proficiency
43 Turkey 37.66 Very Low Proficiency
44 Kazakhstan 31.74 Very Low ProficiencyI currently move over to IL and would've loved to see their ranking. Everyone over here is fast to tell me that you can cope without hebrew easily, my anecdotal evidence is far different.
This dataset could've been an unbiased source of information.
-Most of the languages high on the list are similar to English
-The countries don't dub movies. This has such a big impact. I learned most of my English from movies.
I'd say it's a generic trait of niche populations, that they gain better knowledge of languages in which information sources are available.
For example, I've consistently noticed programmers speak a better english than architects, and people who use some $RANDOM_NICHE_PLATFORM speak a better english than people who use $REALLY_POPULAR_PLATFORM, due to being forced to use english references.
Dutch has over twenty million native speakers, Swedish has ten million. That is not ridiculously small. Even Norwegian's four and a half million is, on a global scale, very respectable. To say nothing of the fact that the number of "translated sources" is not a function of the number of speakers, but of the wealth of the country and the spread of written culture (which is very high in all of these cases).
Moreover the wealth and cultural influence of these countries is a function of their willingness to interact beyond their linguistic sphere of influence.
I was referring to the economics of going after a much smaller market.
A publisher is more likely to target french and german before going after norwegian, thus a non mainstream author may appear in a finnish translation much after the publication in english, if ever. Or a movie distribution company may have less incentive to target the niche of TROMA aficionados in dutch than it does for the spanish ones.
They both would have relatively similar costs for the translation, but a much lower possible return.
Possibly more importantly, Finland shares a common history and religious background with Europe. There are many, many idioms and ways of looking at things that stem from historical and religious influences. Grimm's fairy tales, for example, spread through Europe widely, but not through Asia or the middle East. On result is that while Chinese often has sayings with a similar meaning as English ones, their literal meanings are very different. In European languages, on the other hand, the sayings are often literal translations.
Linguists whose focus is on Japanese generally do generally consider it an Altaic language. This includes the most prominent, such as Marshall Unger (under the name Macro-Tungusic). The classification is still somewhat controversial, but I think it's largely for historical reasons. Local Japanese language scholars, who are not linguists, have traditionally subscribed to the view that Japanese is special and separated from all other languages. Modern linguists do not generally subscribe to that view, regardless of whether a proto-Altaic existed or not.
In any case the points about shared cultural, historical and religious heritage still apply. Finns learning English have far more of a shared cultural framework to work from than Asians learning English do.
In any case, it's completely different than anything most people ever heard (I've been living in Finland for close to 5 years, and it just hasn't clicked for me yet, despite being very fluent in 3 languages and dabbling in 3 others).
You should maybe change the people you hang out with. I befriended "Finnish rednecks" for a year but that helped me go from 0 to fluent (YKI 5) in 2 years.
My friends in high school would attempt to construct perfect sentences in their head before speaking a word, which made them poor conversationalists.
The word-forms of the Finnish noun kauppa 'shop' (N=2,253), generated automatically by Fred Karlsson
strawberry
strawberry-less
strawberry-less-ness
strawberry-less-ness-less
strawberry-less-ness-less-ness
.
.
.
∞[1] Dashes are on the page for clarity, they're not part of Finnish language
The best thing about the Scandinavians is that they not only speak fantastic English, but they also adopt the accent of the English speaking country that they've spent the most time in or watched the most TV from.
Compare that to the French, Italian, etc, who can learn English very well but who never seem able (or willing) to shake the accent.
If it's Britain, which accent ...
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x3ldyx_comedy-tour-of-briti...
I think his North Yorkshire and Blackburn are a bit off, others are a bit caricatured but generally he has them pretty well.
"Alright my booties?"
(A phoneme Swedish lacks is the "th" of "think", that was a problem to learn.)
Or to ask differently: what do you think is good about the concept?
But this doesn't relate anything on why Japanse suck at English despite of all hard work on school.
It's a shame from where I see but it's ok cuz most people don't speak English.
Starting today, elementary schools has started to teach English to 5th(10 to 11 years old)graders. So that's 2 more years to learn English which adds up 8 years all together.
We'll have to wait and see our score improve. I doubt it.
Disclaimer first: I'm absolutely no expert, by very far, on Japan or Japanese culture. I am writing this mostly to get answers from those who know better.
>>Don't you think the whole "lose face" part of the japanese culture is a run down model?
I don't know if I believe the face thing is the bad part.
I admire the hard work and dedication of the Japanese worker.
I'd guess (see disclaimer!) that the present problems rest with the higher levels of organisation in their society. A lack of accountability, from top to bottom.
Japan has, simplified, had a recession for close to two decades. I really don't want to know how a Western society would look in similar circumstances.
The sole language of instruction in primary and secondary schools supported by public funds in Singapore since independence has been English, with most pupils studying one or more of the other national languages. Singapore shows the lie about excuses for poor educational progress in the United States. Many school officials in the United States whine about the diverse language backgrounds in some United States school districts, but nowhere in the United States do you have primary education being done with a population attending school in English but the MAJORITY of the population not speaking English at home, as was the case in Singapore just a generation ago.
I've heard some amusing stories from Singaporeans and from Malaysians of Chinese ethnicity about how to learn just enough Malay to pass school exams and then forget it. English is the language it is crucial to know in that part of the world.
Of course, the demographics very much the same as Argentina's so it wouldn't be a big difference (we're not an Argentinian province by political accident and meddling by Britain - not that we mind :) ).
30) United Kingdom 0.957, 31) Uruguay 0.955, 32) Germany 0.954, 33) Poland 0.952, 34) Japan 0.949...
Uruguayan French teachers are excellent too.
In Japan people learn English as a part of mandatory public education without targetting any practical use, and many companies mandate good exam score or certificate about English, even if they don't need English skills on the job.
This leaves Japanese in a strange parallel world of learning English, where the goal is scoring good and getting a nice job, not communicating with others.
Hence people without real incentive are forced to take globally standard English tests such as TOEFL or TOEIC, resulting in that low average score.
It's a shame that the study only shows results per country, and not per language region in countries. For instance in Belgium there are three language regions -- Dutch, French and German -- and I'm willing to bet that the results in each region are much closer to those of Holland/France/Germany than this meaningless average.
The reason why English is rather hard for speakers of Asian languages should be pretty obvious: there is such a big difference in sounds. The sounds used in English are much closer to those used in Spanish than Japanese, even though English and Spanish are already miles apart..
I disagree. The problem is the grammar. Asian languages are rather "grammar-less" (not that such a thing is technically possible), at least compared to Indo-European languages.
English tenses in particular are hard for even continental Europeans to understand. I learnt German for awhile and Germans just struggle with English tenses. There are only a handful in Germans and many in English.
While English grammar is far more streamlined and less brittle than continental European languages (ie we have almost no case, no gender of nouns except for people, no agreement of adjectives and a word order that front-loads the verb in the sentence) native Asian language speakers still struggle with plurals, tense and the informal way we use tone (compared to the tonal languages).
The phenomes used in each language seem like the least important part.
Lastly, it's worth pointing out that there is as much variety in Asian languages as Indo-European languages. Arguably more since several language families span Asia.
Interesting you should say this, given that Mandarin (for example) has nearly the same grammar as English as far as word order and lack of a case system goes: Mandarin words, unlike words in French and German, aren't changed based on their role in the sentence, and Mandarin words don't have grammatical gender. English happens to be radically unlike most Indo-European languages in precisely the ways that make it fairly similar to Mandarin.
> While English grammar is far more streamlined
All languages have the same amount of grammar, distributed differently. (It's like a waterbed: Push the lump down here and it springs up there.) English does more with word order and context than German, for example.
> The phenomes used in each language seem like the least important part.
Heh. Try saying that when you have to hear and reproduce a vowel sound that sounds like a warped tape, or a consonant that sounds like the speaker is rubbing gravel together in the back of his throat.
> Lastly, it's worth pointing out that there is as much variety in Asian languages as Indo-European languages.
And in Africa. And in the Americas. And so on.
I don't really view English as radically different. I just view it as more fluid. Mandarin I only know of peripherally. French I know some and German I know quite well. English really is very similar to German. Old English and Altdeutsch (Old German) were almost the same language (800-1200 years ago) but when French became the court language of England (after 1066), there was no central authority maintaining what common English was so it evolved into something very different with Middle English (which is almost recognizable as Modern English) by, say, the Tudor dynasty.
Linguistically speaking this was a very interesting phenomenon and one that I don't think has happened too often elsewhere (where the language of the aristocracy wasn't the language of the people and was essentially imported). It led to what I call the democratization of English.
I find it really interesting that the lack of a central authority imposing standards and maintaining the "purity" of the language actually led to it becoming much simpler.
> ... given that Mandarin (for example) has ...
Like I said, I'm no expert at Mandarin. A friend of mine has lived in Taiwan for years and learned Mandarin and he tells me a lot about it. One thing Mandarin has that English doesn't is formal tone (rising, rising-falling, etc). This can radically change the meaning. This is a mechanism for communication that native Mandarin speakers just can't find an analog to when they learn English.
> All languages have the same amount of grammar
While I think we'll both agree that certain languages are easier to learn for the speakers of certain languages than others (eg Spanish speakers learn Italian far easier than Mandarin, Mandarin speakers will learn Vietnamese far easier than Spanish) I disagree with your waterbed analogy, implying there's some sort of conservation of language complexity in play.
I believe that some languages are fundamentally easier to learn than others when you account for starting biases and also that certain languages convey information better and more easily than others.
Literacy is one measure of this. In 1929 (IIRC), Turkey's president switched their alphabet from Arabic to a highly phonetic Latin alphabet. Literacy rates shot up and someone who was previously illiterate could learn to read the new Turkish in ~6 months.
Compare that with Taiwan where they have competitions in high school at how fast you can find words in the dictionary.
Also, as a speaker of English, if I'm talking to you on the phone, I can tell you a new word and how to spell it. There is no equivalent for Mandarin (with a new character).
My argument is there is a "cognitive price" to be paid for arbitrary complexity in a language as well as not front-weighting of information by importance.
An example of the latter: separable verbs in German. (jdm/etw) bringen = "to bring". (jdm) umbringen = "to kill" so:
Ich bringe meine Frau (I bring my wife) and: Ich habe meine Frau gebracht (I brought my wife) but:
Ich bringe meine Frau um (I kill my wife) and Ich habe meine Frau umgebracht (I killed my wife)
Likewise, the arbitrary rules about the agreement of number, gender, case and article (eg German can change depending on whether you're saying "a student" (indefinite article) vs "the student" (definite article) all other factors being equal).
Italian and spanish sounds seem pretty much identical to the japanese (e.g. five vowels should be enough for everyone), while english is a utter mess (schwab, long and short vowels, th*,r etc). Possibly you are conflating under "asian" languages a bit too much.
And I do have to interact with people aboard. If you have a national economy or a cultural ecosystem consisting of fifty or hundred million people – like France, Germany or Japan – there's rarely a real _need_ to talk to anyone on the outside. There are enough newspapers, books, movies and records being produced in Japan to satisfy the domestic market – and the imported stuff can be translated and adapted without adding too much to the cost for each consumer.
For a country and language with less than five million people – not so much. We produced a total of 20 movies last year, and the climate on this frozen rock made sure our crops yielded only half of the food we actually need. If we didn't talk to anyone else, we'd be bored and starving.
Which regional great power dominates our trade and cultural input has varied over time. Norway was in the Hanseatic League's sphere of influence from the 1300s, and German language and culture had the greatest influence for almost a millennium. The harbour area of my home town of Bergen is still named “the German Wharf”. And my great grandmother told the German soldiers approaching her in April 1940 to fuck off in perfect German.
During and after the war, the Anglo-american economic and cultural influence quickly surpassed the German. The Cold War brought us even closer to the US, despite the American culture being rather … incompatible with the Norwegian.
The stories are similar for most of the other small European countries. But how the English language influences the native tongue varies wildly from one country to the next. The differences are especially noticeable between Norway and Denmark.
Some more historical background first:
Norway is a very young nation-state. From 1380 to 1814, Norway was part of Denmark. From 1814 to 1905, Norway was in a personal union under the Swedish king. As of the 19th century, we didn't have our own written language. We spoke Norwegian, but wrote Danish. As Norwegian nationalism grew during the 1800s, a charming gentleman called Ivar Aasen set out to create a Norwegian written language. He traveled around the country, taking note of how people actually spoke. Dialects vary wildly between different parts of the realm (I haven't seen this much internal variation in any other country), but he did distill what he heard down to a set of grammar and vocabulary.
The adoption of Ivar Aasen's nynorsk (literally: New Norwegian), too, varied a lot from region to region. It was generally recieved well on the countryside. In the cities, the Norwegian upper classes had developed an amalgam dialect combining the original local tongue and Danish. They were greatly opposed to this uncivilized new language, and brought much of the urban working classes onto their team. So for the past 150 years, we've been been fighting, sometimes almost literally, about how to write. Today we have two official written languages – bokmål (literally: book language) and nynorsk. There was a stranded effort in the mid-1900s to unify them, but they have influenced each other a lot. Bokmål isn't very much like Danish anymore, and standard nynorsk is quite watered down.
The result of these struggles is that how a Norwegian speaks and writes is a significant part of his identity. The dialect shows which region you come from and which social class you belong to (or aspire to belong to), and each one comes with pride. Not chauvinism or jingoism, but genuine pride. I live in Oslo, but if I come home to Bergen and show signs of being influenced by the Oslo dialect, I will be ridiculed by friends and family. For real. (c:
Now, back to my point. The Danish language today is heavily influenced by English. The frequency of loan words is staggering. A number of English words have found their way into the Norwegian language too, but an order of magnitude less. I believe this is due to our history. The Danes were never colonized by anyone, and haven't spent much time philosophizing about how they speak or write. We have, and it shows.
(Other interesting tangents: Why have the Norwegian dialects diverged so much? Why can Norwegians understand Swedish but Swedes have a hard time understanding Norwegian? Why has Norway stayed out of the European Union? Why is the English influence of the Norwegian language more noticeable in the capital than elsewhere?)
Why have the Norwegian dialects diverged so much
A rugged and wast geography tends to isolate people, this leads to greater drift between local dialects? Sweden is big too, but I think Norway is much more mountainous?
Why can Norwegians understand Swedish but Swedes have a hard time understanding Norwegian?
Norwegians are used to listening for a wide range of dialects, Swedes not so much?
Why has Norway stayed out of the European Union?
What's the point of joining for a small yet well of country? If you're big like France and Germany you can guide the EU your way, if you're small but less developed like Spain, Portugal, all the new members, you hope for increased wealth. But if you're Norway, why join?
Why is the English influence of the Norwegian language more noticeable in the capital than elsewhere?
The capital has a bigger economy, more trade, more people's work requires English, more tourists, even the non-UK and non-US tourists are more likely to communicate in English, more entertainment overall, and this means more foreign entrainment - music, movies - in English.
The regional dialects remind me of my time in Germany. There is considerable variation between the coastal areas and the Alps. I recall being freshly arrived in Munich and having a "genuine" (here in the U.S., if we were were joking or a bit mean, we might say "hillbilly") Bavarian as a neighbor. I couldn't understand a word he said (unless he made a conscious effort, and even then...). (He was a really nice guy, BTW, and we go along fine, despite this.)
I spent a lot of time with students in Munich, a city and university system that attracted them from all over. And there were plenty of light-hearted comments about others' accents and where they must be from. I think I was fortunate to be amongst a younger population for whom such things were more curiosity than a divisive issue. Older Germans... plenty of genuinely nice ones, but also sometimes some very entrenched feelings. Like anywhere, I guess.
I had a question for you, if you don't mind. Norway, Sweden, and Denmark seem to have so thoroughly integrated English as a second language. Where do you, and do people in general, seem to find the boundary between their native language and English in their daily interactions?
I've heard, for example, that if one attendee in a meeting is not a native speaker, the meeting switches to English and that really seems to be no problem at all. In Montreal, Canada, amongst the young technologists I visited, conversations would switch between French and English, and back again, in mid-sentence.
I don't have a compelling reason for asking; I'm just curious.
* If I speak to other Norwegians, I will speak Norwegian. Always. I make a conscious effort to keep the language free of any [recent] loan words.
* If I speak to Swedes or Danes, I will speak Norwegian. If I see they're having trouble following, I will speak slower and tone down my dialect. I will not switch to Swedish or to English. I understand them – they better do the effort of understanding me. (That's the 500 years as a colony kicking in. :)
* If I speak to a non-Scandinavian foreigner who doesn't understand or speak Norwegian, I instantly switch to English.
* If I speak to ten Scandinavians and one non-Scandinavian, I will instantly switch to English.
* If I speak to someone who has been in Norway long enough to understand the language but not long enough to be comfortable speaking it, I will speak Norwegian. I don't mind if he speaks English, but I'll stick to Norwegian if he actually understands it.
* If I speak to someone who doesn't really speak much Norwegian but tries hard to, I'll answer in Norwegian first – but usually switch to English when I see they're struggling.
All of the above apply within my own country. Abroad, I will try to speak the local language if I can. If not, I will ask, in the local language, if they speak English and then switch. If I'm spoken to in English, I will respond in English.
I'm Norwegian, and had a neighbor from England. He said that it is hard to learn Norwegian because we tend to switch to English when talking to him. We often started the conversations in Norwegian, but (too) quickly moved to English.
Incidentally, I don't think that study does justice to Norwegians' facility with English. I never worry about being understood in any European capital, but in Norway everyone seemed near-fluent, even in the rural areas. We spent a couple of weeks driving around above the Arctic Circle, and I never had to whip out the phrase book once.
Danes and Swedes do not have nearly as wide a variety of accents, and I think that is why they have a much harder time understanding Norwegian than you have understanding them. Norwegians have to grow up learning two native languages, figuring out all the different dialects, and start learning English around the age of 7 or 8 (these days, at least). The affect this has on your ability to grasp languages does not surprise me at all.
Of course, I still find it rather annoying that some of my Norwegian friends expect me to be able to learn Norwegian quickly despite knowing that I work in an English language environment (I share an office with 4 other people, none of whom are Norwegian) and not having a Norwegian spouse or samboer. And, of course, that most of them spent around 10 years in school learning English, not to mention being exposed to it through TV, movies and music.
One last question, though... What's the point of Norway not being in the EU if they keep agreeing to everything the EU enacts? Such as, say, the DLD?
It doesn't really mean anything, but it spells: ARSE.
It's going to be fun when he shows his business card to British journalists...?
If you don't believe it (I couldn't), see:
http://www.lecentrisme.com/2011/04/actualites-du-centre-jean...
This is by far the most important point made in the article in The Economist, but so far it is little reflected in the comments here on HN. The reported results have some broad plausibility to me, as a native speaker of General American English who has lived overseas (including living in an international dormitory with residents from all over the world, who variously used English-as-a-second-language, French-as-a-first-or-second language, Spanish-as-a-first-language, or Chinese-as-a-second-language as interlanguages). But the reported results may or may not reflect the reality of the situation in the real world, as the editor of The Economist takes care to note.
It's time to dust of the electrons on my FAQ post on voluntary response polls.
VOLUNTARY RESPONSE POLLS
As I commented previously when we had a poll on the ages of HNers, the data can't be relied on to make such an inference (what the average age of HN participants is). That's because the data are not from a random sample of the relevant population. One professor of statistics, who is a co-author of a highly regarded AP statistics textbook, has tried to popularize the phrase that "voluntary response data are worthless" to go along with the phrase "correlation does not imply causation." Other statistics teachers are gradually picking up this phrase.
-----Original Message----- From: Paul Velleman [SMTPfv2@cornell.edu] Sent: Wednesday, January 14, 1998 5:10 PM To: apstat-l@etc.bc.ca; Kim Robinson Cc: mmbalach@mtu.edu Subject: Re: qualtiative study
Sorry Kim, but it just aint so. Voluntary response data are worthless. One excellent example is the books by Shere Hite. She collected many responses from biased lists with voluntary response and drew conclusions that are roundly contradicted by all responsible studies. She claimed to be doing only qualitative work, but what she got was just plain garbage. Another famous example is the Literary Digest "poll". All you learn from voluntary response is what is said by those who choose to respond. Unless the respondents are a substantially large fraction of the population, they are very likely to be a biased -- possibly a very biased -- subset. Anecdotes tell you nothing at all about the state of the world. They can't be "used only as a description" because they describe nothing but themselves.
http://mathforum.org/kb/thread.jspa?threadID=194473&tsta...
For more on the distinction between statistics and mathematics, see
http://statland.org/MAAFIXED.PDF
and
http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6hb3k0nz
I think Professor Velleman promotes "Voluntary response data are worthless" as a slogan for the same reason an earlier generation of statisticians taught their students the slogan "correlation does not imply causation." That's because common human cognitive errors run strongly in one direction on each issue, so the slogan has take the cognitive error head-on. Of course, a distinct pattern in voluntary responses tells us SOMETHING (maybe about what kind of people come forward to respond), just as a correlation tells us SOMETHING (maybe about a lurking variable correlated with both things we observe), but it doesn't tell us enough to warrant a firm conclusion about facts of the world. The Literary Digest poll intended to predict the election results in the United States in 1932
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5168/
http://www.math.uah.edu/stat/data/LiteraryDigest.pdf
is a spectacular historical example of a voluntary response poll with a HUGE sample size and high response rate that didn't give a correct picture of reality at all.
When I have brought up this issue before, some other HNers have replied that there are some statistical tools for correcting for response-bias effects, IF one can obtain a simple random sample of the population of interest and evaluate what kinds of people respond. But we can't do that in the case being discussed here in this thread on HN.
Another reply I frequently see when I bring up this issue is that the public relies on voluntary response data all the time to make conclusions about reality. To that I refer careful readers to what Professor Velleman is quoted as saying above (the general public often believes statements that are baloney) and to what Google's director of research, Peter Norvig, says about research conducted with better data,
http://norvig.com/experiment-design.html
that even good data (and Norvig would not generally characterize voluntary response data as good data) can lead to wrong conclusions if there isn't careful thinking behind a study design. Again, human beings have strong predilections to believe certain kinds of wrong data and wrong conclusions. We are not neutral evaluators of data and conclusions, but have predispositions (cognitive illusions) that lead to making mistakes without careful training and thought.
Another frequently seen reply is that sometimes a "convenience sample" (this is a common term among statisticians for a sample that can't be counted on to be a random sample) of a population offers just that, convenience, and should not be rejected on that basis alone. But the most thoughtful version of that frequent reply I recently saw did correctly point out that if we know from the get-go that the sample was not done statistically correctly, then even if we are confident (enough) that Norwegians who responded to an online poll are reasonably fluent in English, we wouldn't want to extrapolate from that to conclude that any particular social or educational factor present in Norway provides an advantage in learning the English language, or that Panamanians on average are some of the least fluent speakers of English in the world.
On my part, I wildly guess that most western Europeans who have completed secondary education in the last three decades are moderately fluent in English, if only because they have occasion to use English as an interlanguage when speaking to other Europeans (something I have seen happen many, many times) and because they have much exposure to English-language media content (books, movies, radio broadcasts, TV shows). People who live in Latin America and who have occasion to travel to neighboring countries (including Brazil) have considerably more occasions to use Spanish as an interlanguage, even with native speakers of Portuguese, and thus somewhat reduced tendency to keep their English in practice.
The way to know which social or educational or economic factor is most important in the spread of world English as the global interlanguage would be to do an even more careful study than the interesting preliminary study reported here. Meanwhile, we will be trading anecdotes based on personal experience, which I will read with interest to supplement my personal experience.
Since I decided to watch movies and shows in english my (actively spoken) english improved (reading and understanding was never a problem). It's not perfect but it's far better than the english I was speaking after I left school.
Blame the TV :)
I tried to put my son in front of a TV with just English things, but it is hard for a 10 years old to accept to understand just one word from time to time in a moment that should be about relax (cartoons time).
It's well known that during the Italian cinema golden age in the 60s and 70s, the general habit was to entirely dub sound in post-production, for some reason. So all movies were dubbed, Italian and foreign alike :)
The story goes that his accent is from a part of Austria that is seen as rural so to many, particularly in urban parts of Germany, he'd "sound like a farmer" which wouldn't be right for the part - implying that his accent suffers from a stereotype like that associated with strong west country accents in England.
I heard that "fact" some time ago, and I dearly want it to be true!