The government doesn't foot the bill. People and businesses do. We pay taxes. Government has no money.

The transfer payment is taken from the entire economy through a tax. A slice off the top.

If a business has higher profits it would also pay larger portion of that transfer to low income persons.

A key feature is indexing the maximum amount i.e. what a person with 0 income would receive to typical cost of living at state or country level. This way it auto adjusts. Then it is in the interest of everyone paying taxes to figure out ways to reduce costs of living.