Already mentioned below but Zim-wiki [1].

Fast search, check. Visual linking of topics via Link Map plugin [2], check. Add images from paste, check. Links update if a topic is renamed /moved, check. Version control via Version Control plugin [3], check. Non-proprietry, check. Open-source, check.

Also back links too.

1. https://zim-wiki.org/index.html

2. https://zim-wiki.org/manual/Plugins/Link_Map.html

3. https://zim-wiki.org/manual/Plugins/Version_Control.html