Central Banks Have Become Irrelevant
themarket.ch
themarket.ch
Are you expecting a repeat of the financial repression that dominated the decades after World War Two?
Weren't those decades also characterized by unprecedented economic growth and increase in standards of living? Isn't what the author says government will do perfectly defensible from a Keynesian perspective, not to mention from a democratic perspective (why should unelected central bankers have this sort of economic powers over duly elected representatives?)
Inflation that is higher than the interest rate on savings is essentially a hidden tax, one that incentivizes people to not save their money because the time value of it changes, leading toward it being more valuable sooner rather than later.
This will definitely impact the middle class more than anyone else: the price of goods will rise while salaries remain fairly stagnant (so-called "stagflation"). Essentially, all of our meager savings are going to be pillaged in order to
> Weren't those decades also characterized by unprecedented economic growth and increase in standards of living?
Consider this: dollars can be thought of as representing favours owed, in a prioritizing sense (i.e. if I want you to do something for me, to the exclusion of other offers, I'll offer you more money). In an inflationary environment with rising costs, we'll all have less money in terms of purchasing power as time goes along - essentially, we end up owing each other fewer favours in the future - so it behooves us to call them in earlier rather than later. This _should_ stimulate people into buying a lot of things and therefore boost business (and GDP) as people all start essentially forcing each other to work harder, hire more help, etc. but may backfire as people see it as a reason to start finding inflation-proof investment options.
Some will invest in hard currencies, some in commodities or real estate, but of course, some in simple consumer goods. Either way, it stands to reason that if Napier is right, everything's about to get more expensive, though at the same time we'll probably also see a lot of consumer credit. Weird.
>This _should_ stimulate people into buying a lot of things and therefore boost business (and GDP) as people all start essentially forcing each other to work harder, hire more help, etc. but may backfire as people see it as a reason to start finding inflation-proof investment options.
Businesses are inflation proof investment options. The real reason why stagflation happens is that the supply side can't respond to government induced demand. There is actually a pretty convenient scapegoat for this right now. Governments effectively closed businesses that can't work remotely to prevent the spread of the virus. Induced demand can't reopen those closed businesses so stagflation could happen. However, if it does happen, how long would it last? It certainly won't take a decade and I'm optimistic that everything will be fine in less than 5 years.
However, when I started reading this article I thought it might be a rant about ZIRP, but it's actually much more sensible. It's extremely level-headed, refers to pragmatic evidence, and isn't interested in name calling.
On the other hand, he still doesn't articulate what he means by "financial repression" very clearly.
>> The cornerstones of the last period of financial repression after World War II were capital controls and the forcing of domestic savings institutions to buy domestic government bonds. Do you expect both of these measures to be introduced again?
> Yes. Domestic savings institutions like pension funds can easily be forced to buy domestic government bonds at low interest rates.
This is kind of already happening .. voluntarily? Treasury rates hover around zero.
I think the time may have come to re-evaluate capital controls while we're re-evaluating globalisation and its positive and negative effects. Is transferring hundreds of billions of dollars to opaque structures on tiny islands really good for the general public?
> If we’re taking the next 10 years, I see inflation between 4 and 8%, somewhere around that
That's .. worse than what we're used to, but not a disaster? What really matters is the link between price and wage inflation. Remember that most members of the general public in the west aren't worried about inflation eroding their cash assets because they have none or are negative (mortgaged). But we are worried about our salaries being eroded.
UK bond yields: the coalition government spent the lives of disabled people propping up "austerity" nominally to protect the credit rating, which it promptly threw out the window to in the course of Brexit. It seems likely that the UK situation will get worse.
Another thing to think about: state control directing credit to businesses to increase employment was a big part of how China has achieved spectacular growth rates over the decades since consolidating power at Tianamen.
The investor class aren't owed anything and the jaw dropping foolish policy of bailing out losers needs to stop.
But two points; first just to be clear on terms there is no such thing as a return that is free from risk. The term 'risk free returns' means no risk of the contract counterparty welching on the terms of the contract. The other background risks still exist. Nobody knows what the return on bonds will be in real terms and investors get involved in them with the knowledge that the investment could well be worthless or worth-negative in real terms.
Second - if the rate of return is negative then that really just means nobody rational will be willingly to lend the money to the government. So while I may not be owed a positive rate of return (which makes sense, I can't force anyone to borrow from me) there is no fair situation where I accept a negative (or nil) expected rate of return for taking on real risk.
Except that governments don't need any market to finance themselves. Even if you want to keep that fiction, you can do something like the European Central Bank is doing with the debt of the Euroarea. They don't buy the bonds directly but they buy them in the secondary market, creating demand. The investor would not buy that bond for the return, only to make arbitrage between the primary and the secondary market.
There are many tricks that can be done to hide the obvious fact that governments are not households and control the currency, but, at the end of the day, that's the reality.
I don't know about your country, but in my country, you would be generalizing. There isn't a specific "investor class" because a large percentage of the population invests due to industry-wide organized pension funds.
There needs to be some sort of program to keep people fed and in decent accommodation; but there is too much to be lost rewarding people for standing by idly while bad decisions get made with their money. It is not going to work out well in the long term bailing out specifically the people who are screwing up.
https://www.snb.ch/en/iabout/stat/statrep/id/current_interes...
Swiss National Bank is at -0.75% and still getting buyers. Negative rates are feasible. It is, after all, a free market.
There is nowhere else to go and switching into physical assets has a carrying cost and an illiquidity problem.
It is a remarkably unusual free market where a small committee declares what the market price will be. I'm not sure what more it takes to get it called a planned market.
If investors don't like the price, they are free not to buy them. A notable feature of the Greek crisis was that investors did in fact refuse to buy Greek government bonds, or only offered substantial discounts ("yields").
It is perfectly possible to have a $1 bond which pays $0.95 in 30 years sell for $1, $0.95, or even $0.90.
It is a bit of a leap to call that a free market. The price discovery is going to discover roughly the price that was announced. I mean, it isn't like the "free market" is going to head off to 2% while the SNB says the interest rate is going to be -0.8%. The correlation between committee announcements and actual rates seem pretty high [0].
In a fairly literal sense that isn't a free market. The outcome of the market is being fixed.
[0] https://www.snb.ch/en/iabout/stat/statpub/zidea/id/current_i...
The presence or absence of an auction isn't important for working out if a market is free or not. Macbooks operate in a free market and Apple doesn't normally auction them off. And the market they compete in is the market for laptops - Apple has no particular power to decide what the price of a generic laptop is. The price I pay for my laptops isn't at all controlled by what Apple thinks the price of a laptop should be.
Why do you feel they are declaring what the price should be? Aren't they basically saying "if you buy this note we'll give you X dollars in Y years"? Is it the way the interest is handled that defines the "rough price"? Or are there "reserve prices" and the like that I don't know about?
> The price I pay for my laptops isn't at all controlled by what Apple thinks the price of a laptop should be.
That feels really backwards to me, unless you mean that you never buy from Apple? I feel like the price of a MacBook is entirely determined Apple: they set the price, the market determines how many to buy, and they try manufacture and sell this number. If they feel they can make more money at a different price, they set a different price in the future.
Contrast this with an auction, where the number of items is fixed and the market determines the price. I can see arguing that whether the market is "free" is independent of which pricing mechanism is used, but I can't see how one can argue that Apple doesn't determine the price that their laptops sell for.
(I'm ignorant of many economic theories. I assume your views fit into some theory that I'm unfamiliar with. Please take my response as a request for more information about this theory rather than any sort of accusation.)
The 'we'll give you X dollars in Y years' that is (notionally) written on the bonds isn't the important part of the process. If you auction a bond it doesn't matter what interest rate the bond is nominally at, traders will bid for the bond such that the coupon it pays is (market interest rate%) of the actual price bid.
Eg, here is a reasonable view of the market for Australian government bonds [0] which I'm more familiar with. If you look at the bid column you'll see that nobody is bidding $100 for bonds, even though all the bonds are nominally $100. The same dynamic will be seen at a central bank auction.
I feel they are declaring what the price will be because central banks will typically have press releases saying "we will target an interest rate of X%". Then the market fairly reliably settles on some interest rate that is quite close to what was declared. It isn't related to the fact that they hold auctions; the auctions are irrelevant. An auction doesn't prove or disprove anything about whether the market is free. The central banks are taking actions to influence the interest rate and they aren't at all governed by market forces - the market for interest rates is a controlled market.
> I feel like the price of a MacBook is entirely determined Apple...
If it were entirely determined by Apple then the prices would be in the billions. The floor on the price of a Macbook is entirely determined by Apple, the ceiling is controlled by the customers. And both parties can be swapped out (Apple for, eg, HP and consumers are basically a faceless interchangeable mass) if the other thinks there are better alternatives.
For interest rates the floor and the ceiling are controlled by central banks, as can be observed by noting the "state target" -> "achieve target" pattern in central bank declarations and what the interest rate then does. It is a market, but it isn't free.
[0] https://www.asx.com.au/asx/markets/interestRateSecurityPrice...
For that the US especially (but also the rest of the Western world) needs to seriously sharpen and actually use antitrust legislation. At the moment there are way too many companies whose failure would cause serious shockwaves across the worldwide economy.
It's a well established technical term:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_repression
Are you thinking of "economic repression"?
> Domestic savings institutions like pension funds can easily be forced to buy domestic government bonds at low interest rates.
In the financial industry they are called dumb money.
Interesting that the interest rate will go up and the potential effect on mortgages.
> In the years following the financial crisis, numerous economists and market observers warned of rising inflation in the face of the unorthodox monetary p0licy by central banks. They were wrong time and again.
> Russell Napier was never one of them.
Edit: maybe they were referring to the pandemic when they say "financial crisis"?
It's funny that the period from the second world ward to the neoliberal revolution in the 80's is considered by this guy a bad thing. It was a period of grow shared by a big part of the population. I suppose if you work in the City or Wall Street, something like that looks like the end of the world.
And he believe two contradictory things, he thinks that politicians control the central bank and that they need private saving institutions to control the bond yields. But if you control de central bank you already control the yields (see Japan), you don't need any private institution help.
Mainstream economics is arriving to what Modern Monetary Theory has been telling us the last 20 years. There are not insights in this article that have not been repeated again and again by the MMT people.
The issuing of money is a key aspect of sovereignty. So, if anything, it's "restored control of money supply".
But even this is a misrepresentation, since most money in modern Capitalist states is created by commercial banks, through a Fractional Reserve mechanism:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking
in a nutshell - banks only hold a fraction of the money they give out as loans, i.e. when they make loans they literally create new money.
It's also a slight misrepresentation since governments are mostly not-really issuing their own money, just telling banks to issue a lot of loans. Having said that - the states may need to issue money to cover failing loans (or otherwise introduce stiff austerity programs).
When the state issues money, it is typically not debt-based like commercial money. (officially it may be registered as sovereign "debt" to the central bank, but that debt is just an artifice, and is never collected).
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> QE was a fiasco. All that central banks have achieved over the past ten years is creating a lot of non-bank debt. Their actions kept interest rates low, which inflated asset prices and allowed companies to borrow cheaply through the issuance of bonds.
But that's what they set out to achieve! That's the policy that government - or perhaps we should say, large corporations and financial institutions, through government - chose to enact. It is an aspect of the collective insanity of capitalism that millions of people lost their homes, and got no bailout or public housing etc. - but the financial institutions who had inflated the bubble of speculation and helped drive those people into ruin were showered with cheap money (after some of them having been bailed-out outright at public expense).
laughable.
The economist Wolfgang Streeck debunks this entire premise in his book 'how capitalism will end.' after the 1993 financial crisis and 2008 market collapse financial power eclipsed the state through the introduction of debt and credit as the means of financial operation. First at the personal level, through blank-check irresponsible issuance of credit cards and mortage loans, then through the insistance that states and entire nations operate on a debt model, sacrificing traditional tax revenue from the top earners instead for a system of infinite term, low and even zero interest credit. all they have to do is prove their solvency through austerity measures, which absolve the wealthy from paying evermore taxes in the process.
Streeck even highlights how this happens in the EU, with northern nations routinely subsidizing obstinant southern nations in an uncomfortable exchange to push them toward a debt structure that only benefits the wealthiest. He makes a compelling argument that everyone knew what greece was doing, even encouraged it, and yet walked away blameless after the crisis.
the only way central banks benefit the political class is in their employment as a cudgel to punish the wicked. Central banks disarm valid opposition like Edward Snowden, Julian Assange, and Kim Dot Com. Or at least they did, until cryptocurrency.
I’m glad the rest of the intellectual class are finally acknowledging that the government has seized control of the central banks.
X22 says we are going to see tremendous growth in our economy starting in Q4. His track record of being right on the money gives me optimism.
What does that do the US? It basically stimulates the economy by forgiving that debt the Fed bought.
What does it do to the central banks to whom the Fed owes money?
Naysayers take note: The IRS stopped all collection actions back in January. IRS filing and payment deadlines were delayed. How was that possible? The president just can't wave a magic wand and make the Federal Reserve jump through a hoop. Or can he? What's the current EFFR?
Anyone with the power to 'invent money' is going to abuse it an fight to the death to keep it.
COVID was/is a fight, we're going to have to fight to rationalise finance, it may never happen.
Since 2008 we've been living in a weird kind of financial fiction.
FYI consumers have been 'paying' huge kinds of inflation on their homes. Having some degree of inflation would put that to bed quite nicely and it may not be so bad for quite a lot of people.
Also, debt is currently cheap to get, so for the government not to invest would be rather unrational. And that is ignoring the downside on the income of a tanking economy.
This is the magic money language of every 'debt doesn't matter' politician.
First - this is not about 'business cycle' it's a meta-cycle and it's possible the money will literally never get paid back.
Second - it's not just debt, it's tinkering with the monetary system itself.
The Fed, since 2008 has been sitting on Trillions of garbage assets (bundled home loans) bought at 'face value' though they were underwater when purchased.
This is a pretty direct attack on the integrity of the institution.
Your dollars were backed by Gold, then The US Governments Ability to Pay Their Debt, then 'Toxic Loans' - and it's only going to get worse.
Canada is throwing in 'a billion here, a billion there' with COVID spending, including a $1B shout out to the PM's favorite charity. It doesn't sound like a low when $250B is blown otherwise.
The amount of spending, the terms (see: EU's deal released just yesterday) are fairly unprecedented and it's going to take generations to sort out.
Both Canada and Germany in the 1990's had to undergo major restructuring, in Canada, due to excessive spending previously & facing serious credit ratings problems. Thankfully, their timing was perfect as the global situation was good.
Spain is contemplating 'permanent UBI' - which they can't remotely afford.
The difference between 'now' and '80 years ago' is that the future of Western nations entailed considerable growth and renewal, now, this is not the case. There's nothing to indicate there will be any way to reliably repay the debt.
So - we are resorting to ugly new measures, which are changing the nature of what 'money' actually means.
This is not 'Keynes' - it's a secular realignment of the entire system.
It would also mean that the practice of not increasing wages can continue. If you ask businesses to increase wages by 4% every year, I think the "new" economic model will quickly fall out of fashion again.
edit: And you basically argue that the economic strategy of Spain or Italy is superior to that of nordic countries, which is questionable in my opinion. Maybe it is "popular" because some countries have large amounts of debt?
You can make the argument that banks used those central banks loans to finance/arbitrage dodgy financial schemes.
But the answer is to stop enabling banks to do those things, not to give money creation control to politicians who have absolutely no financial knowledge.
Politicians should just spend the tax money they have, or to take more debt themselves if public debt is serviceable, not to mess with the criteria banks have to hand out more debt.
We have strict Central Banks laws and autonomy precisely so politicians won't make disastrous financial decisions according to their ineptitude.
Politicians messing with money creation is a recipe for disaster since ancient times.
It's a useful primer on how modern money systems work and will help you get past the word "debt".
Essentially whenever you see that word substitute "private wealth" and look at it from the other side of the balance sheet.
Debt is cheap BECAUSE we had a financial crisis, BECAUSE we let people who shouldn't have indebted themselves indebt themselves.
There will be grave consequences an suffering in enabling inept people and corporations take on more debt.
The question is whether the bankers know how to do their job properly and can assess collateral.
Who would know better than the bankers, politicians?
The financial collapse was due to bankers failing to assess collateral with sufficient haircut.
In my country mortgage loans stop when people don't have the downpayment of 5%-15% of the mortgage or when they have already indebted themselves for more than 45% of their income.
Other loan types are also capped when you debt level exceeds a certain threshold of your income.
This all seems reasonable to me.
It also seems reasonable that banks would not issue more debt to people when their collateral value drops in market values, such as housing market bubble bursts.
Banks wanted customers and wanted to fill their goals: "loan X per yr."
That's why the mortgage loans went boom.
If you own the bank $100k, you have a problem.
If you own the bank $100Bi, the bank has a problem.
Negative rates are quite clearly an advantage. If I could borrow a trillion CHF at the Swiss -0.75% rate I would, and then enjoy the free money.
I don't disagree here. But isn't that a separate discussion?
I thought, we are talking here governments, which currently (due to whatever reasons) can issue bonds at rates below inflation, or even negative rates (e.g. Germany). To use that (essentially free) money when consumer consumption is down sounds to me fairly rational.