Ruby's install/user story for Windows is still Not Great, and Ruby version wrangling on any operating system is a question that you still get 100 answers to ("use asdf/rvm/rbenv/chruby blah blah blah").
For the rest:
1) It's certainly Fast Enough now. More important webperf issues are happening on the frontend side nowadays. Who cares if your backend takes 500ms to respond when it takes 5 _seconds_ to compile the JS on the client.
3) Solved since Rails 4.0 IMO.
4) Discourse has more or less proven this can be done, with some hard work. Also, Heroku more or less standardized the 512MB VPS size, and nowadays 1GB is pretty cheap and becoming more common, so Rails doesn't struggle with memory limits anymore.