You can have your cake and eat it too, Ocaml & Go both have type systems and compilers that are fast enough to work iteratively
Type checking and Parsing isn't bottleneck in Rust compilation. Code generation is. LLVM is particularly heavy and while it generates optimized code, it is quite slow.
Go Authors didn't pick LLVM because of compile speed reasons (as well as complexity), and that turned out to be worthwhile tradeoff.
Anyway in C++ land massive compile times are just as much of a problem. Fast code is expensive. Go’s a lot of things, but being good at generating fast code ain’t one of them (looking holistically anyway).
Indeed, because all bigtech can invest on is LLVM and C++.
The research on compilers and optimizations has not been getting the attention because of LLVM monoculture and the monstrosity that is C++.
Even if you count the size of ode after monomorphization, I am pretty sure the Go compiler compiles it much faster. Because the compiler is not in the benchmarks rat race of adding one optimization pass from every academic paper in the world for diminishing returns. That would be unnecessary for a development compiler.
Go compiler could have an optimized slow build option, in ideal world, but that's a different matter altogether.