As for your proposal, there are some issues with it: not all structures have a sane default for all not optional, nilable parameters. What is the default underlying reader for a bufio.Reader? A reader which returns zero bytes? Certainly that would be more confusing to debug than a simple panic, which is what we have now [2]. There's also the fact that a zero value is just a value with all the bytes zeroed and allocating an object via language means (new) never allocates more than the size of the object and doesn't do computation.
But I guess the main point would be that I simply do not have a problem programming with nil-able types. Failing to initialize in Go means writing var a *T as opposed to a := &T{} or a := NewT(), which seems like an odd mistake to make - or forgetting to initialize a member of a struct in the NewT() function. Fundamentally, I do not want to spend hours of my life dealing with safeguards which are protecting me from a few minutes of debugging.
But hey, that's just me. Go isn't Rust and Rust isn't Go and that's a good thing.
[1]: https://play.golang.org/p/L7iy9YBC55c [2]: https://play.golang.org/p/Vgv73KhegKI