So by that logic the shareholders and board members _were_ idiots then.
Though it's not just odds and payoff, but also risk appetite. There's something like risk-aversion, and a corresponding risk-return-tradeoff.
But unless we have evidence to the contrary, we can assume that the shareholders are broadly risk-neutral. Especially since lots of shareholding these days is via widely diversified index funds, who don't need to care whether a any single company they hold goes bankrupt as long as the expected value of gambles they take are positive.
Except there are low and high risk index funds as well. Just because you're invested through a passive index fund, doesn't mean you're risk-neutral.
As an investor, you can also always just add leverage to your index fund holding, if you want more risk. If your jurisdiction allows you, that is.
Huh?
Many people hold both bonds and stocks and other assets, like real estate.
Index funds give you broad diversification at low fees. That diversification mostly removes out company-specific idiosyncratic risk, but it still leaves you exposed to market risk, and no one in their right mind claims otherwise.
Even a risk averse person (and even more a risk neutral person) can rationally hold on to very risky assets. Risk aversion just means that you require a higher return for a given level of risk.
And a risk neutral person doesn't care at all about risk, they only care about expected returns. That's mostly a convenient abstraction like the famous home economicus.
I don't understand why a risk neutral person would want to prefer bonds and cash?
I don't know if that makes shareholders and board members "idiots," just that it's something the firm probably should've worked to mitigate a bit more effectively.
Example: EHI is still holding on, and they (from my understanding based on employees I've spoken with) had continuity planning in place for situations that might've significantly impaired travel.
Same with insurance, which is why there are many cases where insurance is a requirement (usually cases where people dismiss the risk).