Are there historical examples of this strategy working? I can't think of any off the top of my head.
Uber's bet is that the desirable customer experience (quick, cheap delivery) is tenable with both 1) scale and 2) new technology that drives prices down. In the long run, I think they're right:
For #1: When you consolidate two (or more) local delivery operations that do the same thing, you can increase the efficiency of your operation as a whole.
For #2: The big question is: can they stay solvent long enough to see autonomy or other delivery technology come to fruition? I have serious doubts about this. I expect we'll see Uber slowly raise prices to keep the business sustainable.