For example: Lenovo claims that my 7th gen X1 Carbon has "up to 18.3 hours" of battery life. Typically my laptop uses 5-10 watts. It can go as low as 2.5 watts if I dim the screen to its lowest setting, close all applications, and disable the radios. The battery is 52 watt-hours, so that would be 20 hours of "usage" before it runs out of juice. Really though, I get 5-12 hours depending on what I'm doing.
The generic name for this behavior is "hybrid sleep" or "hybrid suspend". It's when the laptop does everything it needs to hibernate (suspend to disk), but then just suspends to RAM.
Almost every laptop is capable of this. The limiting factor is software support. You have to deal with different hardware RTCs, different disk encryption setups, swap partitions vs swap files (and how big they are). It's complicated enough that I decided it wasn't worth configuring, so my laptop loses 3-4% of battery life overnight. That said it is possible on Linux, especially if you use a swap partition instead of a swap file in an encrypted disk.
Maybe it's just Linux, which I run on Thinkpads. Overall as a system though, the difference is drastic, not in favour of Lenovo.
I get the same behavior in Linux with TLP.[1] I run "tlp setcharge 75 80" and my battery only charges to 80% (and only starts charging if it goes below 75%). If I think I might need power for a longer time, I can run "tlp fullcharge" and wait for it to fully charge.
TLP remembers these settings across reboots so I don't have to think about it.
I used to have a couple of things tweaked like TLP etc but when I reinstalled from scratch with Fedora 32 I didn't do any of that. Still get awesome battery life, i'd definitely buy one of these newer Thinkpads in a year or so.