Glancing at the paper, I do not find anything that is impressive. AFAICS the algorithm they implement is of asymptotic exponential complexity, even when run on a quantum computer. I cannot imagine how this work would have any effect on the field of asymmetric encryption algorithm research.

To me it looks like they took the factorization problem, which has a lot of well-known (relatively) low-complexity algorithms and imlemented it by mapping it onto circuit-SAT [1] (the multiplication table corresponds to a multiplier circuit which they try to solve in reverse). Circuit-SAT is a proven NP-complete problem. There is currently no known quantum-algorithm that solves NP-complete problems in sub-exponential time.

Note that in the complexity hierarchy NP-complete problems are "harder" than the factoring problem. These are generally bad problems, were not even a quantum-computer helps (and I know of no asymmetric encryption algorithm that is NP-complete when trying to break it, but maybe the quantum-resistant encryption algorithms are better in that regard).

And that's even before we start talking about the limitations of quantum-annealers and the kind of speedups they can gain over classical computers. For a discussion of that, maybe one should start reading Scott Aaronson's blog [2].

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_satisfiability_problem

[2] https://www.scottaaronson.com/blog/?p=2555