Edit: I'm "posting too fast" so i can't reply, but thanks for the comment about batteries, they're good for decarbonization but maybe not great for the environment in the mining of the materials. Maybe that's an okay trade off.
Edit: I'm "posting too fast" so i can't reply, but thanks for the comment about batteries, they're good for decarbonization but maybe not great for the environment in the mining of the materials. Maybe that's an okay trade off.
Very few areas are geographically suitable for pumped hydro storage, and batteries can be recycled today with existing supply chains. Batteries can also be rapidly shipped and installed (see: Hornsdale Power Reserve, installed in 100 days).
With regards to generation, "all of the above" that is low carbon. As the cost of renewables approaches less than a penny a kWh (we’re just about there for utility scale projects), the majority of your costs are storage and distribution infrastructure.
[1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=20814930
[2] https://cleantechnica.com/2020/02/27/humongous-tesla-battery...
[3] https://energycentral.com/news/tesla-pge-get-approval-propos...
If a car took 100 kWh of battery capacity (to use round numbers), the storage facility mentioned would use 10,000 vehicles equivalent storage. (If you use 25 kWh vehicle equivalent, it would be 50,000 vehicles, etc)
https://www.solar-wind.co.uk/off-grid-power-blog/post/lead-c...
re: batteries and mining lithium/cobalt. Sure, mining 1lb of lithium/cobalt isn't any better than mining 1lb of coal, but that 1lb of lithium/cobalt takes you a lot further. You can only burn that 1lb of coal once, but you can cycle that 1lb of lithium/cobalt daily. From a purely environmental standpoint specifically with regards to mining, batteries are still better. However, I don't think the economics are there yet. It will probably be sometime soon though.
On another note, China has slowed down coal production not because of carbon dioxide output, but because of all the acute toxins/pollutants emitted by coal plants. Carbon dioxide is a compound that only developed countries care about, because it has few short term consequences and whose effects aren't observed by your avg. person. Your avg. person, however, does feel the effects of nasty air and acid rain, caused by nitrates/sulfates released by coal plants. This is the chief reason China will publicize moving away from coal. Because of air pollution and acid rain, not because of climate change.