> Do you know any other language with this feature/constraint

   gcc -Werror=shadow

Demo:

  $ gcc -Werror=shadow -x c -
  void foo(int x) { { int x; } }
  [Ctrl-D][Enter]
  <stdin>: In function ‘foo’:
  <stdin>:1:25: error: declaration of ‘x’ shadows a parameter [-Werror=shadow]
  <stdin>:1:14: note: shadowed declaration is here
  cc1: some warnings being treated as errors