As a fellow Slovenian, former student and now someone who's spent years professionally in academia, let me try to show your experience from a different perspective. I don't know anything about your professor except the anecdote you shared, so I'm not defending them. I'm just trying to shine a different light "on the situation in which we are" that you as a student perhaps didn't (yet) have a chance to see. I'm also writing this because I feel like your view is pretty common among our students.
How our universities work is that as a researcher a part of your duty to the university is teaching students. Unfortunately, fields of research and study subjects in most cases aren't aligned. Nobody will be researching basic subjects that must be taught to the students, and on the other hand a very specialized field of research might not be taught to anything but a small post-graduate course. This means that often professors will end up teaching an undergraduate course that has next to nothing to do with their field of study. In the end, someone must be teaching those introductory courses and for some subjects being taught the university might not have any professional researchers at all.
Professors are researchers first and teachers second. This is most likely the reason why it appears that teaching is "something that one must endure until it's over". Your professor might be a brilliant world-class researcher in their field and they pursue it with passion, but they might be teaching e.g. linear algebra to undergraduates twice a week based on "what's written in the book" to keep their job. As it turns out, teaching and research are quite different skills and they often don't coincide. When they do, you get some really amazing professors and I'm sure you have some on your course as well.
It's not a perfect system, but I've spent enough time in foreign universities where research staff was on-the-hook all the time and liable to get fired if students weren't happy with them. It's such a constantly stressful environment that I was amazed that people managed to do any kind of research at all. In the end, it's a trade-off. You can't have a university without either top-end research or teaching and we might have chosen a slightly different trade-off between these two than the countries you seem to look up to.
Anyway, I hope I've given you a new way to look at things and I hope you will stay at your university for more than just to get the "take me seriously" papers.