It's complicated.
I would guess that there is an awful lot of vintage porn out there that was published without a proper notice, registration, and/or renewal of the copyright (because people were often put in jail for producing porn back in those days, it was highly unlikely that they would register the copyright).
Modern works don't require notice or registration to be protected, but the rules were different in the past.
This is U.S. law. Laws in other countries differ considerably.
Beware a Tres Comas bottle on the delete key.
No.
> Until March 1, 1989, a published work had to contain a valid copyright notice to receive protection under the copyright laws. But this requirement is no longer in force — works first published after March 1, 1989, need not include a copyright notice to gain protection under the law.
https://fairuse.stanford.edu/overview/faqs/copyright-protect...