I read damage to the nasal epithelium can allow pathogens to reach the brain:
"New research from Griffith University has shown that damage to the lining inside the nose increases the risk of bacteria sneaking into the brain via nerves, potentially causing long-term health issues." ... "Bacteria and viruses, and resultant neuroinflammation, may even contribute to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases"
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-03-injury-nose-bacteria-...