I think most statically typed languages should be good for this.
E.g. C has a very weak type system, which is static. There's a lot of implicit conversion going on. Also the expressiveness of the type system is very limited (in C++ also).
OCaml, F#, Haskell and other functional candidates are strongly and statically typed, with very expressive type systems.
Idris with it's dependent types would be ideal and goes even further than the above.
In embedded most likely ADA and Rust offer strong enough static type systems.
It is true that the subset that C++ shares to C has too many implicit conversions, but you can do much better.
For example in C++ you can use enum class to define strongly typed integrals that do not implicitly convert to the basic types.
I just wish I could use rust or ADA at work.
Rust does a great job in that regard and is not too slow.