This could be possible if the data is stored encrypted in a public ledger (blockchain), which has time-locked script functions that permit another key to decrypt certain pieces of data for a limited duration. I think something like this is a primary goal of most decentralized identity projects, some of which have been underway for around a decade.

Of course none of this stops the person with temporary access from making a copy to save forever. I doubt that problem has a technical solution but would love to be proved wrong.