In practice, most of those are guaranteed when your contract is the regular full-time one. Which is minority of jobs in Poland. To avoid paying taxes, most employers strive to employ their workers via contracts meant for part-time or gig work, or through B2B (thus we have lots of sole proprietorships "entrepreneurs" in the country). Most protections don't kick in there.
On top of that, getting a doctor's note for a runny nose is too much of a hassle, and nobody realistically does that.
Thirdly, regardless of how much worker protection your country has, day to day nobody wants to be seen as the panicky outlier at work. That's a self-limiting move, both career-wise and socially. This normalizes coming to work with potentially infectious diseases.