I believe the magnitude of this pandemic will in time push us (rather violently) to think outside the box.
How do you test the efficacy if you don't know who you're injecting? Maybe it works really well on a certain population, and reacts harmfully to people with some pre-existing genetic trait or condition. You wouldn't know, because you took a random set of volunteers.
If you're going to counter and say "we'd still do the pre-analysis on the volunteers"... Well, that's what takes time.
If you're testing a drug for a serious cancer, then there is a lot of tolerance for side effects - the alternative is death, so even if it causes things like nerve damage, it's an acceptable risk.
With vaccines, you're going to treat a huge percentage of the population and they'll be healthy when you give it to them. As such, the risk-benefit analysis is much different since there is a chance for serious harm.
And so on. The exact rate could be set according to the actual infection and death rates in the population. Given the current costs of curfew, we could create an entire government agency just to administer this, and still save trillions.
For inspiration, consider the Manhatten project.