So yea if U.S. government debt is defined as money, then I guess the U.S. government buying its own debt back with printed money is just "swapping assets". Surely however there are implications of a country indefinitely buying back it's own fiscal debt with printed money, even if they tend to be exaggerated since we're not exactly seeing hyperinflation now.
The dollar's dominance is slowly weening as Iran now sells oil to China using the Yuan. The IMF also has a potential replacement reserve "currency" called Special Drawing Rights (SDR). Though it's not technically a currency but instead it's more an index based on basket of currencies. That basket includes US Dollars, Japanese Yen, the Euro, Pound Sterling, and most recently the Chinese Yuan.
Although the Libra Wikipedia page indicates that idea has been deprecated:
> As of January of 2020, Libra is said to have dropped the idea of a mixed currency basket in favor of individual stablecoins pegged to individual currencies.
https://files.stlouisfed.org/files/htdocs/publications/revie...
https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/bst_recenttren...
The ultimate effect is an increase in the money supply just like normal expansionary Fed operations, just through different means.
Also QE1 and QE2 involved the Fed buying "non-traditional" assets like mortgage-backed securities that were toxic at the time and some of which "fade away" over their lifetimes (e.g. an MBS is not worth anything once all of the loans composing it are paid).
Sort of. It was a swapping of short term liquidity for assets across the curve. Which is why it was fundamentally different from what the FED is doing today.
"which is why it wasn't noticeably inflationary any of the times it was done"
This is quite a strong statement. I would disagree. My model says it was inflationary. The counterfactual is "what would the inflation/deflation rate be in the absence of QE all else being the same?". Such counterfactuals are hard to come by, which is why this is such a dismal "science." At any rate, it cannot be denied (IMHO) that actual QE depressed interest rates available to economic actors.
https://www.fxstreet.com/news/kudlow-feds-t-bill-purchases-a...
I agree that counterfactuals are almost impossible to know in economics, but if predictions on one side repeatedly turn out wrong, then that side is probably wrong.
You can find innumerable doomsayers that predicted hyperinflation, and a loss of faith in the dollar and bonds. All of those people were completely wrong, and in fact the dollar strengthened, yields plummeted, and consumer prices were stable.
https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BOGMBASE
QE has not caused excess inflation in terms of the consumer price level, but it has dramatically increased the price of interest-rate sensitive assets like real estate, equities, and bonds.
Would you say this is now the new norm? Or something that will come and go as the trends change in the repo markets?