1) SSO (federated! Not the Google/Twitter/Facebook/GitHub oligopoly nonsense we have now), using email addresses as ids.
2) Emailed login links, a la Slack's magic links.
Email addresses aren't perfect, but they're the globally unique, federated IDs we have, and good enough. Plus they have the advantage of years of figuring out how to handle of realities of federation.
[0] I am biased. I recently launched a service in this space: https://emauth.io