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I'm pushing the definition of "one liner" here, and it's got some major shortcomings (including directory traversal!), but here's one with Gnu awk:

  gawk '@load "filefuncs";func send(s,e,d,t,b) {;print "HTTP/1.0 "s" "e|&S;print "Content-Length: "b|&S;print"Content-Type: "t|&S;print d|&S;close(S);}func mt(f) {;c = "file -b --mime-type " f;r="";while ((c|getline z)>0) {;r=r z;}  ;close(c);return r;} ;BEGIN {RS=ORS="\r\n";while(1){;S="/inet/tcp/8080/0/0";while((S|&getline l)>0) {;split(l,f," ");if(f[1]=="GET"){p=substr(f[2],2)}if(p==""){p="index.html"}stat(p,s);if (s["type"]=="file") {;m=mt(p);while ((getline i <p)>0){o=o i}send(200,"OK",o,m,s["size"]);break;} ;n="<html>Not Found</html>";send(404,"Not Found",n,"text/html",length(n));break;}}}'

edit: Added better mime-type detection and 404s. It actually sorta works well now.

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gawk '@load"filefuncs";@load"readfile";func send(s,e,d,t,b){print"HTTP/1.0 "s" "e|&S;print"Content-Length: "b|&S;print"Content-Type: "t|&S;print d|&S;close(S);}func cf(x){split(x,y,"/");for(z in y){print "FOUND "y[z];if(y[z]==".."){return 0;}}return 1;}func mt(f){c="file -b --mime-type "f;r="";while((c|getline z)>0){r=r z;}close(c);return r;}BEGIN{if(ARGV[1]!=""){if(chdir(ARGV[1])){print "Failed to chdir to "ARGV[1];exit;}ARGC=1;}RS=ORS="\r\n";while(1){S="/inet/tcp/8080/0/0";while((S|&getline l)>0){split(l,f," ");if(f[1]=="GET"){p=substr(f[2],2)}if(p==""){p="index.html"}stat(p,s);if(cf(p)&&s["type"]=="file"){m=mt(p);o=readfile(p);send(200,"OK",o,m,s["size"]);break;}n="<html>Not Found</html>";send(404,"Not Found",n,"text/html"RS,length(n));break;}}}'