For example if you encrypt your disk or a file using a password, you also do not store a hash, the decryption/encryption key is derived from your password using a key derivation function such as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrypt

Of course it is highly unlikely that it interfaces with the password screen. My point is that if you could extract a hash from the secure enclave it would make much more sense to brute force it on a powerful external cluster. However this seems not to be possible as the decryption is only possible inside the secure enclave element unique to the device, thus decryption attempts have to be done on the the device itself, GrayKey seems to have managed to circumvent the wrong attempts counter and/or the triggering of subsequent protection mechanisms.