No tech company these days will ever call a customer, especially not Microsoft.
If you do receive a call from a more traditional institution like a bank, don't divulge any information. All banks have strong identity theft protections in place, but you haven't authenticated the caller. Ask for a reference id so that you can call the company back using a phone number that you yourself looked up on their company web page.
If the caller has any reason not to comply (and they will have plenty of reasons why they can't), or they insist you use a number that they provide, hang up and forget about it.