The Afsluitdijk
theafsluitdijk.com
theafsluitdijk.com
The plans for the dyke originally included a railway line. This never happened, but the idea has resurfaced frequently in the past century.
The Afsluitdijk was also a defensive structure, part of the defence of Holland (the collective name of the two provinces that are home to the government and a large part of the population). When the Germans invaded, the Afsluitdijk fortress with its concrete fortifications (called kazematten) and strategically advantageous position actually held, i.e., it never fell under combat, despite attempts to overtake it. The Germans went round the other side of the IJsselmeer and the Netherlands capitulated before the Wehrmacht could take the position.
The Kazematten museum on the dyke can be visited, and should appeal to all military aficionados.
https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=15/53.0706/5.3351
The bunkers covered the approaches by sea and dyke quite well from the piers extending into the sea and lake.
Also, this enclosure lead to former islands being enclosed by new land: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schokland
Only after looking at the map did I realize how big it actually is.
I’m enjoying his videos on the Low Countries. Lots if fascinating details in an area I sid not think to be interested in.
> The Afsluitdijk (Dutch: [ˈɑfslœydɛik] English: "Enclosure Dam") is a major dam and causeway in the Netherlands. It was constructed between 1927 and 1932 and runs from Den Oever in North Holland province to the village of Zurich in Friesland province, over a length of 32 kilometres (20 mi) and a width of 90 metres (300 ft), at an initial height of 7.25 metres (23.8 ft) above sea level.
When 26% of your country lies below sea level you tend to be motivated ;-)
It’s quite a feat of math and engineering considering that no computers were available to do real simulations.
Interesting paper describing some history and some of the math involved: https://ilorentz.org/history/zuiderzee/Lorentz_linearisation...
(This was 30 years ago or so).
I cycled around the lake inside 24 hours, it was quite the trip.
This dijk runs from the city of Enkhuizen to Lelystad and is about 30 KM in length.
Instead of four lanes for traffic, it has only two lanes as it is not as wide as the Afsluitdijk.
Is it simply that the winding path means a slower flow from higher to lower level? i.e. water at a gentle slope and thus slower flow?
The budget for design, construction and 25 years of maintenance is ~€550 million.[1][2][3]
[1]: https://www.cobouw.nl/infra/nieuws/2018/02/bam-van-oord-en-r... [2]: https://www.rebelgroup.com/en/projects/a-winning-plan-to-rei... [3]: https://deafsluitdijk.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/presenta...
None of the potential substrings make any sense to me, so it’s one long jumble.
Wikipedia says "enclosure dam", which is more accurate since a dam has water on two sides, as the afsluit-dijk does, but that's not what we call it in Dutch. Then it would have been afsluitdam -- yes, dam and dam are the same in Dutch and English, just like dike and dijk are very similar. Wonder why! :-)
Edit: not sure why you're being downvoted?! I always find it rude when people downvote without comment (also on stackoverflow, I typically comment when I see it on my own or someone else's posts).
Edit: https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra (English page does not contain the important part)
Apparently -stra comes from some germanic word meaning "owner". I suppose Hoekstra owned the corner house and Dijkstra the dike.
-- https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra (through Google translate)
Wikipedia tells us that Dutch "ui" is the diphthong /œy/ and "ou" is the diphthong /ɑu/. The English MOUTH vowel is conventionally /aʊ/ in American pronunciation, and the CHOICE vowel is conventionally /ɔɪ/. I will analyze them as if they were /au/ and /ɔi/.
It's clear that the MOUTH vowel is the best available English match for Dutch "ou". The difference between [a] and [ɑ] is minimal.
Dutch "ui" is trickier. /œy/ starts with a front vowel, which isn't true of /au/ or /ɔi/. /ɔ/ is a better match in terms of vowel height. (According to the notation. This is a case where you're probably better off just listening to samples; vowel notation is quite sloppy.)
/y/ is the high front rounded vowel, a sound which, like /œ/ (mid-low front rounded), does not exist in English. It has two obvious approximants: FLEECE (/i/), the high front unrounded vowel, and GOOSE (/u/), the high back rounded vowel. If you choose FLEECE, prioritizing the vowel's frontness, you'll end up thinking that "ui" should correspond to the English CHOICE vowel -- the first part of the diphthong has been moved back, and the second part has been unrounded, but compromises have to be made. If you pick GOOSE, then you'll end up on the MOUTH vowel -- in this case, the first part gets moved back and lowered somewhat, and the second part also gets moved back but preserves its lip rounding.
Is either of those choices objectively right? No. You might prefer thinking of "ui" as CHOICE on the grounds that that makes it different from "ou", but that runs into the problem that (according to wikipedia again) Dutch also includes an "oi" diphthong which is a close match to English CHOICE.
You could think of the root of the problem as being that Dutch has three high vowels /i/, /y/, /u/ (spelled "ie", "uu", "oe" among other ways, according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_orthography ), where English has only /i/ and /u/. You're going to end up with collisions somewhere.
If you're interested in the theory:
Vowels are generally thought of as being points in a three-dimensional space. The dimensions are:
1. Whether the vowel is high or low -- if your mouth opens wide (chin closer to feet), it's a lower vowel; if your mouth doesn't open far (chin closer to eyes), it's a higher vowel.
2. Whether the vowel is front or back. The traditional way to explain this to linguistics students is to give them all lollipops. You put the lollipop on the middle of your tongue with the stick jutting out of your mouth. You can observe that the stick juts farther forward when you're pronouncing the FLEECE vowel than it does when you're pronouncing the GOOSE vowel.
3. Whether, as you pronounce the vowel, your lips are rounded or not.
Dutch "ui" is a diphthong, a transition from one vowel to another vowel. It appears to be a transition from (lowish, front, rounded) to (high, front, rounded). This is difficult for English because, in English, all front vowels are unrounded.
If you'd like to preserve the lip-rounding aspect of "ui", you need to use back vowels, at which point the MOUTH vowel is a near-perfect (low, back, xx[1]) -> (high, back, rounded) match.
If you'd like to preserve the frontness of "ui", the English FACE vowel is available, which is a transition from (lowish, front, unrounded) to (high, front, unrounded). CHOICE is a different option; it's (lowish, back, rounded) -> (high, front, unrounded). With CHOICE, you're choosing to match the rounding (and not the frontness) of the beginning of "ui", but transition into an end that matches frontness instead of rounding.
Which part of a sound is more important for purposes of matching a foreign sound to a native sound is a very interesting question, and to the best of my knowledge nobody has any idea why different languages make the choices they do. My (American) ears think the MOUTH vowel is the best match for Dutch "ui", even though it's an even better match for Dutch "ou". But someone else might disagree.
For an example of "differential splitting", consider that in modern English, W, V, and F are three separate sounds. In Old English, W and F were "real" sounds ("phonemes"), and V was a variety ("allophone") of F. In modern Mandarin Chinese, W and F are also phonemes, and V is an allophone of... W. Clearly, if you speak modern Mandarin, what's important about the V sound is not the same thing that would be important if you spoke Old English.
[1] Rounding is less obvious for low vowels -- a certain amount of lip rounding is induced by opening your mouth so far.
As for
> My (American) ears think the MOUTH vowel is the best match for Dutch "ui",
I personally stand by my choice of the CHOICE vowel also after reading your comparison of the different options, but it's definitely a close contest.
Using the MOUTH vowel in that word would reveal an English speaker immediately ;-) (Germans mess it up differently ;-) )
We have a tongue-twister for German and English people that goes like this "Ik eet uitsluitend gefruite uien in mijn geruite keuken" (you can have Google Translate read it out loud). Meaning is "I only eat fried onions in my checkered kitchen".
That sentence is more ambiguous in English than you might think! I'm curious which of these meanings are compatible with the Dutch:
1. The only thing I do in my checkered kitchen is eat fried onions. (Other activities don't take place in the checkered kitchen.)
2. Fried onions are the only thing I eat in my checkered kitchen. (Other foods must be eaten elsewhere.)
3. Fried onions are the only type of onion I eat in my checkered kitchen. (Raw onions must be eaten elsewhere, but eating steak in the kitchen is OK.)
4. My checkered kitchen is the only place in which I eat fried onions. (I'll eat steak anywhere, but I won't eat fried onions outside the kitchen.)
5. My checkered kitchen is the only one of my kitchens in which I eat fried onions. (I'll eat steak in any kitchen, but I won't eat fried onions in my plain white kitchen.)
6. My checkered kitchen is the only checkered kitchen in which I will eat fried onions. (I won't eat fried onions in your checkered kitchen, but I will eat them in the bedroom.)
As for which ones work in Dutch, all of them.
It mostly gets confusing for me because of moving back and forth between English and Dutch grammar, but any bit of context would make it a lot less ambiguous :)
The only one it's not compatible with is 4, in that case the word "uitsluitend" ("exclusively") would appear elsewhere in the sentence.
Each of the others are ambiguous when written, but should be clear given pronunciation (emphasis), or the tiniest bit of context.
At least in bastardized Anglo pronounciation it’s always been: Dike-struh
No idea what it means, though from the context of this thread I’m assuming it has something to do with dykes!
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1147312/who-invented-i-j...
Speaking of control flow, Dijkstra worked closely with Bram Jan Loopstra:
Not sure if it really counts as a ligature, though.
That's amazing/hilarious :) But I bet they'd quickly shorten it to a13a ;-)
And there's plenty of cool about this project, from the reusable kingsize lego-like blocks used to strengthen the dike, to the meandering river for fish passing throuh the dike. There's also a VR video.
They need to get out to sea to make a journey to make offspring. That offspring sometimes gets caught in France on the way back, where it is grown and sold in the Netherlands. Fishing results from IJsselmeer can also be found in shops but they are not easy to catch anymore. I would think, for statistic reasons, the caught eels in France might be more sustainable than catching grown eels in the IJsselmeer. The real solution is to work out better sluices and pump stations, so fish can pass again.