There is, in fact, a church in northern San Diego county that has a free meal open to anyone on Friday nights, no questions asked. It does involve listening to a sermon. It's one of the best free meals I attended while homeless and I wrote it up on one of my websites as a model program that should be copied because it was so well done.
No sermon, no lecture, just unconditional -- and very good -- food as part of a deeply held sense of community. They have leapt to help in disasters, kept going through riots a few years back, and keep sticking to those principles as numbers keep rising. Rising because the UK government created a need for food banks out of nowhere over ten years, and more and more now need free food... I keep hearing of quiet Sikh efforts across the country as our government deconstructs the benefits system and safety net.
I'm life-long atheist, but I feel much warmer toward our Sikh communities than the UK's formerly christian heritage - where charity so often seems to come with a catch, or a sales pitch, or worse is conspicuously absent. The Sikh sense of community feels far stronger, and more of a true belief as a result.
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=21805859
I think the Sikh community probably was the source of the absolute best homeless meal I ever got, but I wasn't offended at listening to them share their Christian faith at the program mentioned above and it was a good meal, far better than most homeless meals.
There is zero contradiction in saying "Don't hold homeless people hostage for a meal" and saying "Offering a free meal as part of sharing something you love -- be it Calculus or Christianity -- with whomever wishes to join you is not the same as holding homeless people hostage." They are entirely different points and they in no way conflict.
But that's a darn good example because free food with a lecture (or timeshare opportunity, or conference on industry tool) is a really common occurrence marketing wise and it raises a question that I can't answer in terms of legal and moral right - those lunch and learn conferences, do some people feel pressured to attend because it's subsidizing the cost of their lunch that day? How much time do they lose to engaging in such things and how many of them missed better job opportunities because of it.
I don't understand your sentence. "separation of religion" with what? Is there a law stating religion needs to be separated from everything else?
This case (partially) answered "Can the government jail you for being homeless?" The answer being "No, not generally, but perhaps under a certain set of circumstances that are outside the scope of this case."
Much of the discussion here is "Can a charity compel you into indoctrination in return for bed/food/etc?" The answer to which is "No, not if they are receiving state funding." (They probably shouldn't regardless of funding, but that's a moral question, not a legal one)
Omitting that addendum I agree this is more clear cut legally - I still think there may be moral questions about feeding people conditional on their attendance to a lecture religious or otherwise, but honestly... there are some moral questions about refusing to feed someone in need in any circumstances that our society has mostly moved on from acknowledging so I think most of my objections (excluding the potential arresting scenarios) are academic and beyond the common ethics.
Neat thread though, lots of fun stuff in it.
> Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
this has generally been opined to imply a separation of church and state since any state endorsement of a religion (any directly stated ties) would support the establishment[1] of one religion[2] while also curtailing the establishment[1] of another religion.
1. The usage of the word establishment is pretty archaic language-wise, I think it's fair to conceptually substitute organization, enrollment and participation.
2. Generally, traditionally we haven't minded supporting religious organizations unless that support is unequal, this is why a lot of religious organizations are tax free and have some other fun benefits.
People were, essentially, arrested for not attending religious ceremonies - there is a lot more interesting nuance here, but suffice to say that the 1st Amendment is absolutely relevant if people are potentially being jailed by the state due to a failure to attend religious ceremonies.
That kind of separation.
Should not the state stop this practice?
What if shelter A says I will close if you don't allow me to practice religion?
But the shelter's policy can and should limit what the city is allowed to do. Saying "I have a 'choice': to go to your religious shelter or be arrested for sleeping outside" is a problem.
That was one of the keys - "the City said it wouldn't cite people when shelters weren't open", but the plaintiffs said that one of the religious shelters had an "always open" policy, even if they didn't actually have beds, and they did require religious participation, so the city's point was effectively moot.
At the time Massachusetts ratified the First Amendment, everyone was required to belong to a church and State tax money was used to support those churches: http://www.statelegalhistory.com/home/1-new-england-legal-hi.... Several New England states had government-supported churches well into the 1800s.
And the opposite view: https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/06/constit...
1) It's full of invective and straw-man arguments. It accuses Christine O'Donnell of not having read the Establishment Clause, for example. And it makes a completely irrelevant reference to "old antebellum slave oligarchies," even though it was the free New England states that were the ones that had state-supported churches.
2) It makes tenuous arguments. The "words 'separation of church and state' are not in the text," the article concedes. But "the idea of separation is" present. Of course! In support of that view, it points to the fact that the Constitution prohibits religious tests for office. "If government can't require its officials to support a church," it reasons, "is there a serious argument that church and state are not separate?" Of course, the prohibition on religious tests is entirely consistent with the existence of a plurality of public religions.
It also pulls a "??? Profit!" over the most significant issue: what does "no law respecting an establishment of religion" mean? The article states that it "mean[s] that not only no church but no 'religion' could be made the official faith of the United States." That reads the phrase as "no law establish[ing] [a] religion." But if that's what the Framers meant, they would have written that. That's how they wrote the rest of the first amendment "no law ... prohibiting ... or abridging ...."
3) As with the present Supreme Court precedent on the subject, the article rests almost entirely on the letter of Thomas Jefferson. But Jefferson (a) was not a Framer; and (b) was a radical wingnut. What he thought about things carries some weight, but not all that much. (I would add that almost everyone who invokes Jefferson's view to interpret the First Amendment would recoil in horror at invoking his views to interpret the Second.)
This is, by definition, a law respecting an establishment of religion. It was permissible only because the Bill of Rights was not applied to the States until the passage of the 14th Amendment.
If you look at the first amendment, the Establishment Clause stands out:
> Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
For the other rights, Congress used verbs: "prohibiting" the free exercise of religion, and "abridging" the freedom of speech, etc. But "an establishment of religion" is a noun. What is an establishment of religion? In 1789, "an establishment of religion" was a known thing: the established churches of the states. So the First Amendment can be interpreted to mean that Congress can't mess with the established churches of the various states.
Turning to incorporation: remember, its not automatic, and incorporation of each amendment must be justified on its own terms. Not all of the Bill of Rights makes sense as applied to the States--for example the Ninth and Tenth Amendments, because those set forth a separation between State and Federal power, not individual rights. There is a natural reading for incorporation of the Free Exercise Clause. But whether it makes sense to incorporate the Establishment Clause turns on what you interpret the Establishment Clause to mean. If the latter, then its really setting forth a separation of State/Federal power, not an individual right, and it makes no sense to apply that to the states.
It means neither.
"Respecting" means "with reference to", and this definition is the same as it was when the Constitution was written. Ergo, "respecting an establishment of religion" means "with reference to an establishment of religion". "Establishment of religion" means "an organization of religion", including both lay churches all the way up to the Anglican Church and the Vatican. So the first half clearly states that Congress shall make no law "with reference to an religious organization."
This is where the separation of church and state comes from. That, and Thomas Jefferson saying explicitly that this was the purpose of that clause and the commonly understood meaning of the Constitutional Congress when they voted on the language...
For the second half: "thereof" means the thing just mentioned, and "exercise" meant "practice" (as in practice a religion, from the original Latin meaning). So "prohibiting the free exercise thereof" means "prohibiting the free practice of religion."
Reading "establishment" synonymous with "organization" would be anawkward and un-idomatic even today. Would you call the ACLU a "civil rights establishment?" Would you call NARAL a "women's rights establishment?"
There are good reasons to believe that's not the sense in which the word is used. The Constitution repeatedly uses the word "establish" in the sense of "to make official." It uses the word "establishment" in one other place, referring to the requirements "for the Establishment of this Constitution.” I.e. the requirements to make the draft constitution the official law of the country.
And historically, "establishment" was used precisely in that sense--a religion that had been made official. The Church of England was an "establishment of religion." The Colonies had had "established" churches, and many, but not all, had "disestablished" their churches. “An establishment of religion” is not a weird way to say “religious organization” but a legal thing that existed at the time that made sense to talk about. And what the First Amendment does is prohibit the federal government from making laws with reference to those "establishment[s] of religion."
Within that framework, Congress was probably prohibited from establishing a national church. But why? Is the answer: because established churches were bad in the same way that cruel and unusual punishment is bad? That would be an odd reading given how many of the original 13 colonies had some form of government supported religion. The other interpretation is that the amendment endeavored to protect these establishments from federal interference. That’s what makes the most sense given the structure of the colonies at that time.
Within that framework, incorporation doesn’t make sense. You take a provision that was intended to protect states' rights to maintain their established religions free from federal interference, and turn it into a provision that eliminates the very right the amendment sought to protect. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?articl...
Lastly I wanted to mention the parallel term you draw here because it's also a drifted phrase
> to make official
Is actually a highly accurate synonym for establishment, but only in archaic word usage, official (the adjective) is actually just a corruption of official a noun, it's sort of like "the influencer lifestyle" or "that's an influencer hat". Technically all "off-*" words originally related to religion, but that's gone by the wayside quite a bit by now.
Quite frankly, I don't care what the words mean today, since we have a body of court cases that has expanded the application of the First Amendment beyond the strict scope of the words as they were written.
There are good reasons to believe that's not the sense in which the word is used. The Constitution repeatedly uses the word "establish" in the sense of "to make official."
You keep trying to make linguistic arguments while ignoring the linguistic means of the words at the time they were originally written, especially when one of the men responsible for actually writing the Bill of Rights explicitly stated what the words of the First Amendment were intended to mean at the time they were written.
The First Amendment was explicitly intended to create separation of church and state at the Federal level. Like the rest of the bill of Rights, it wasn't intended to apply to the states at the time, so your arguments about state churches are entirely irrelevant.
Jefferson wrote this in 1802:
> Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his god, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, and not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their "legislature" should "make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof," thus building a wall of separation between church and State.
Madison wrote repeatedly about the separation of church and state, as anchored in the 1st Amendment. It was one of the issues that he was particularly passionate about.
As for the states passing legislation regarding religion, the 1st Amendment was originally only a limit on what the Federal government could do. The 1st-Amendment separation between church and state was extended to the states through the 14th Amendment (which led to several of the liberties in the Bill of Rights being extended to the state level).
So in conclusion, the idea of the separation of church and state goes back to the founding generation of the United States. That's not to say it hasn't evolved over time and become stronger. It was a novelty at the time, so you wouldn't expect it to have sprung from Zeus' forehead fully formed.
What the ruling says is that you cannot prosecute a person for sleeping on the street if they have nowhere to go, and that a room that comes attached with a lecture about your life choices doesn't count as a place to go.