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What is the key difference of transputers and GPUs / vector processors?

Is PS3 with several Cells somehow reminiscent of a transputer?

Yes - there where a number of commonalities and some research was done into running Occam (a language co-designed with the transputer) on the cell by means of a transputer VM: http://www.transterpreter.org/publications/pdfs/a-cell-trans...

Fun times :)

For what it's worth, the FPS T machine attached processors used transputers plus vector units.

GPUs use SIMT or similar, where there are several parallel threads with a shared program counter.