Odd to find advertisements not being mentioned. That seems to be the goto for publishers. Excellent list!
> Network effects (can come in different forms such as direct, two-sided, data): Facebook — the value of the product increases as more people use it
Network effects keeps the users in, money is made by ads and surveillance.
> Crowdsourcing: YouTube — aggregate content/product from users individuals and distributes them at scale
Really, it's also a form of network effects (viewers go where most content is; creators go where most viewers are), and again, money is made by ads and surveillance.
Also, missing models:
- Regulatory arbitrage: Uber - conquering markets by breaking local laws faster than the regulators can react.
- Exploiting social capital: AirBnB - facilitating illegal or highly undesirable behavior at scale, not caring about the neighbors of service's users.
Also2:
> Open-source: Bitcoin
Bitcoin is not a company and does not have a business model. Also, "Open Source" is not a business model. "Donations" and "Paid support" are.
What about companies with products that are "free", with a fixed priced attached when - over an unconstrained period of time - you want to pay (Sublime Text).