The Ergodicity Problem in Economics
nature.com
nature.com
[0] also out today explains it starting from a concrete example:
> the coin toss game seems worth playing because equal probability of a 50% gain and a 40% loss are no different from a 5% gain.*
> Why people don't choose to play the game, seemingly ignoring the opportunity to gain a steady 5%, has been explained psychologically-- people, in the parlance of the field, are "risk averse". But according to Peters, these explanations don't really get to the root of the problem, which is that the classical "solution" lacks a fundamental understanding of the individual's unique trajectory over time.
You can also get his full lecture notes at [1].
[0] https://www.santafe.edu/news-center/news/fix-economic-theory...
[1] https://medium.com/incerto/the-logic-of-risk-taking-107bf410...
lots of economics uses models that don't deal well the realities of time, because it makes the math a lot harder.
Dealing with the reality of time and path dependence makes the models a lot more complex, but often more accurate.