1) use something like teeline shorthand, or just record the meeting. This will allow you to keep up with the meeting. I generally use short hand, recording makes people nervous and doesn't always get everyone anyways, unless you have a really nice mic. I try to keep a complete record of the meeting, instead of picking and choosing what to write down. After a while it becomes second nature and you can get away with barely paying attention to your note-taking.

2) after the meeting convert your shorthand into some organized, clean notes. This helps you solidify your understanding and allows you to make decisions after you have all the information. You might want to keep your shorthand around for your record, at least for a bit.

3) decide, immediately after 2, what you're going to do about those notes, and when. I use an app that shows me specific notes at specific times. If something is priority I do it immediately, or have an app remind me in an hour/day. If I'm waiting on someone, I note that, and set a reminder to check back in. If I need to keep an eye on something I set a reminder to check on it.

4) When notes expire (and they always do eventually), they get emailed to me at home. Once a day a script zips them and sticks them out of the way. I manually move them onto a flash stick once a month.

NB: This is a habit I picked up in college, and modified for work. I wrote my unnamed note app myself, it's not on any marketplace.