I just use either gdb's tui, or the new gdb integration in vim 8, along with a few custom pretty printers for types, but you'd have to write those no matter what debugger you used. One difference is that I do not debug in the same editor instance I write code in - it's possible, but I don't like having my editor switching state. It is possibly slightly suboptimal as far as debugger interfaces go, and perhaps using Emacs with its gdb integration would be better, but I haven't felt the need to do so yet. The backtrace, variable values, local variables, thread list, etc. etc. are all there, just not in floating windows, but behind commands you run to call them when you need them. Since it's all text, you can just copy and paste to a temp buffer if you want to take notes. I have never felt limited in my capabilities to debug per se, but a modern reinvention of DDD would be appreciated. Also since everything is text, entering and recording any information is dead simple.
An aside, as another poster noted - Vim's editing keys are the first thing I'd give up for a better Vim. I've tried Vim mode in VS and it's not Vim. Yes, you move with hjkl, but the editing keys and the entire rest of the IDE are two entirely separate worlds. E.g. I can't record a macro that jumps to a symbol definition as part of its execution. In Vim the entire experience is integrated and there is no separation between "editing keys" and "navigation keys", etc. At its core, Vim is a parser for a sequence of keystrokes where each runs a command. Any command can be bound to any keystroke or sequence of keystrokes. The entire system is based on a few basic principles that apply equally across all keystrokes.
Just embedding a Vim editing mode in your IDE is not at all the same as the real thing. It is still better, especially if you need to limit your finger movements due to RSI or other issues, but it doesn't recreate the reason for which I use Vim. To replace Vim, you'll need to do the inverse - rather than have the IDE as a shell and a Vim mode embedded in it, have a Vim interface as the shell and IDE functionality embedded in it.