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It does appear like price gouging. Once you're in, you're locked in.

Any chance some of those high costs are due to movement of data due to GDPR compliance? Maybe Apple did all its prep in 2017.

Also there are some misconceptions on inter-AZ data transfer as well: (https://www.lastweekinaws.com/blog/aws-cross-az-data-transfe...)

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I assure you there is nothing sinister about the price asymmetry. Fiber and routers have as much bandwidth coming as going. The inbound traffic is mostly composed of little http(s) requests. The outbound is full of images and mountains of JavaScript. Cloud providers don't charge for ingress because they got it for free when they grew their egress capability to meet demand.

When was the last time AWS reduced egress rates?

And they could negotiate the best rates on the planet given their scale.

I get the impression cloud providers don't "negotiate rates" but rather "build infrastructure" most of the time.

They don't own many of their data centers. Locations were leaked a while ago, most are colocated in major data centers. They won't dig new trenches and lay cables between those but rather negotiate rates for existing fiber.

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