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Thank you for the reply. Can you explain how "provide" works in your first sentence? How does the .com TLD server know who registered google.com ? Seems like TLD servers still have to know the list of possible registrars where one can register a domain for their TLD.

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Yes, registrars have an agreement with the TLDs and have API access that allows them to submit requests for DNS delegation, transfers, registrations, creating glue records etc.

The registrar will send a request to the TLD to essentially ask that they delegate your domain to a specified nameserver which will add records to the TLDs zone for your domain

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