"If someone accidentally adds dots to your address when emailing you, you'll still get that email. For example, if your email is johnsmith@gmail.com, you own all dotted versions of your address"
You can also add a plus sign with your own string after the username, useful for giving to websites you don't fully trust.
e.g. user.name+facebook@gmail.com
Gmail will still send it to user.name@ and you can track and filter the messages sent to that address.
So if your email is bob@gmail.com you can also use:
b.ob@gmail.com, b.o.b@gmail.com, bob+alice@gmail.com,
You can use the second one to do filtering. I.e. use a different +{filter} for bills, entertainment etc.
bob+bills@gmail.com for bills. bob+spam@gmail.com for sites you know will spam you etc.
then setup mail rules to filter based on the +