*Nobel, and for what it's worth, the peace prize was added after Alfred Nobel's death and is considered by many not to serve the same purpose at the other Nobel prizes, and so it has a different reputation. It is sometimes used as a nudge to people who have the power to do good things, rather than as recognition after the fact.
All of the Nobel prizes were established after his death.
Well, he established them in his will. I was under the impression that the Peace prize was not in his will, but I just looked it up on wikipedia and it was. Looks like I got it confused with the "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences", which shares his name and is administered by the same committee, but was established by others.
Obama never ran against Bush. 2008 was Obama and McCain and 2012 was Obama and Romney