As the article says the debate is about 'what childhood is for'. Some would say it's not for getting high scores.
I also know a kid who does practically no homework, but is still in that top-scoring cohort. His dad was the same way. ;-)
Just school is not enough. You also need great parents.
I've noticed that in at least one subject -- math -- very few students from any background retain an interest as adults. There has to be a transition from a subject being presented as a series of hoops to jump through, to it becoming an actual passion. Whether that transition occurs is a coin toss. It's easy for people to get busy enough at something productive that doesn't involve math, and so they don't miss it. At my workplace, the small handful of people who are considered to be "math people" come from an apparently random assortment of backgrounds.
Indeed. I think the hierarchy of what factors make the biggest difference goes like this:
1. the kid
2. the parents
3. the teachers
4. the school
The kid has to have at least the basic physical and mental faculties or they are seriously impacted no matter how good the rest of the things are.
Then the parents make the next biggest difference. Even if the teachers and school aren't very good the parents can make up for it and can even excel.
It can be a close call between teachers and parents, because if the parents are doing just the minimum a great teacher can still make a big difference.
Last but still important is the school, meaning the facilities and educational systems in use, separate from the teachers who teach there.
Where I live I see most parents focus on two things: extra tutoring, and schools with fancy facilities. Most don't think they should do anything themselves, that they already paid the school/tutor to teach. An example is that despite the teachers constantly encouraging kids to read with their parents every night, it seems like most kids do their nightly reading on their own if at all.