Like the pass extraction of PNG [0] would make it somewhat possible, but you'd need to be dropping packets which you might as well receive. I don't think you'd be able to break after the first pass.
JPEG is probably worse.
However, the super-modern formats that are still gaining popularity, like WebP absolutely do support this. At the core of WebP is block prediction, so a low-bandwidth application might actually assume the values of certain blocks so it doesn't need to fetch them.
[0] https://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-PNG-20031110/#4Concepts.Encod...
https://support.google.com/chrome/answer/2392284?co=GENIE.Pl...
https://www.thewebmaster.com/dev/2016/feb/10/how-progressive...
Besides, there are areas in Germany today where you can't get >1Mbit connections.