That has its own risks. If you don't provide it to google and your account gets hacked, it's extremely hard to get it back. (My wife lost her original gmail account that way about 2 years ago. And of course there was no way to get any live support to try & fix it)
Basically if you don't provide your number, you're more open to the more prevalent traditional hacking. If you do provide a number, you're more open to a slightly less prevalent type of hacking. It doesn't leave much to choose from.
With Google anyway you're down to 2FA using an authentication app (possibly U2F but I haven't checked on that recently) and backup codes which should also protect you from traditional hacking.
From the article, even the Twitter CEO has this problem:
While he has managed to get back his social media accounts, he has not regained access to two Google email accounts that held years of communications.
If anyone with directional authority at Google is out there: It would be really decent of you to provide some means of customer service for consumers stuck in this catch-22.
I can't accept there's no reasonable way to perform an identity confirmation beyond the laughably limited self-help measures currently in place. If it's a matter of economics, make it pay-per-use.
That "just" is doing a lot of legwork, though. How do you identify and find that someone else, so you can call them? Generally, you need some sort of unique identity. And how do you make sure that unique virtual identity connects to the correct physical person? Once you solve that, you can probably apply the solution to phone numbers.
So I'm really suggesting something like that. Assuming it was a standard and the company didn't want paying because they weren't doing the whole geographic number to voip identity thing - they were just allowing the creation of an account. We'd be moving away from traditional phone numbers - the number/id could be a guid or long hash or whatever; nobody's going to try and remember it - it would be stored in your contacts like "dave smith" or "mum" or whatever.
Dare I say it, you could have a blockchain for this. Just to store the identifier. Not associated with any other string, such as a name or email address; just a way to ensure that the identifier isn't taken (so there may be a rush for cool ones but like I said, no-one would actually need to remember them) - that you're the first person to claim it.
If I press the button to call your unique ID, how does my softphone get yours to ring?