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Generally the greatest way to increase bone density is to lift "heavy" weights. Compared to that any other solution pales in comparison but doctors never seem to prescribe that.

Many things in the weight lifting world revolve around 3 things:

1. Stimulus: ie lifting heavy, nutrients to support hormonal response

2. Materials: ie Calcium / minerals

3. Rest: ie Sleep, recovery time etc.

I would expect any isolated intervention to find lackluster results despite considerable results in conjunction.

Many doctors will prescribe D megadoses for patients with at-risk bone density. I guess this is saying to not do that.

The study ensured that all participants had adequate calcium by supplements as needed.

There is no documented positive effect above 300mg/day.

300 milligrams!?!

Current advice is don't take more than 100 micrograms per day.

Calcium, not vitamin D.

Well yes, but Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. So both are needed in adequate quantities. One without the other will be ineffective.