> Many nearby countries, like France and Germany, had systematized surnames generations earlier
Which isn't actually true: Prussia (and after German Unification, Germany) instituted a wave of fixed family names in the 19th century. As the names were recorded by officials, they often ended up being changed/assigned by same officials (as also happened at Ellis Island in the USA). In the Prussian case you can see it directly in the case of names assigned to jewish families, which often played to stereotypes (Goldschmidt "goldsmith") or mocked the recipient (Fischbaum "fish tree").
Turkey performed this process after the revolution in the 1920s; I read that Atatürk chose his as "Father/Sire/Source of the Turks"
The field of naming is called Onomastics.