That's what Excel Tables are for.
You get a table within your spreadsheet and instead of using cell references like =Sum(C2:C7), you can use structured reference like =SUM(DeptSales[Sales Amount])
1. Enforce same data type per column. I.e., if you have a number in C4, you can't enter text into C5?
2. Enforce that if there is a formula, it is applied identically to each row?
(By enforcing I mean that there is _no_ way around that short of copying the data to new sheet)
Give me those two things (preferably within sheet context instead of table context) and a decent version control and I can reconsider that I do anything but disposable ad-hoc in excel again.
It does do something close to those. Column data types are automatically carried over to the next row when inserting or appending rows to an existing table. But you're free to override it if you want for a particular cell
Same with formulas. When you enter a formula in one cell, Excel will automatically copy across the whole column. But you're able to undo that auto copy if you really just want the formula in that one cell. It'll also flag cells that have inconsistent (compared to rest of table) formulas.
So, no, it doesn't enforce. But it does encourage.
To strictly enforce that the formula must be the same in each cell of the column would not be very excel-like, I can't see it being done.
Yep, the problem is that I have this conspiracy theory that Microsoft has designed Excel to be the ultimate booster of Dunning-Krueger effect so that most people think they are advanced users [1] while they actually have no clue what they are doing. All the while giving no protection whatsoever against those Dunning-Krueger cases.
[1] I am very much afraid I belong to this group.
2. It's a default formula that gets repeated, but you may be able to override.