From what I've read in blog posts, it feels like the coolness of Ruby comes from the feeling of "holy crap, something that would have taken me two days in Java/C/C++ took me an hour with Ruby" (hopefully I'm summarizing this more or less correctly).
Erlang has definitely given that feeling to me. Distributed programming can be really, really hard, and gluing things together with sockets and whatnot can lead to a lot of really difficult bugs. Since Erlang embraces distribution and concurrency as part of its paradigm, it sometimes kind of feels like outright magic. Sometimes things feel like they went a bit...too perfect, like you missed something, when you really haven't.
I'm not going to say that it fixes every issue with concurrency; you can still have race conditions and Mnesia and ets can be a bit finnickey if you're not careful, but I think I can honestly say that, for distributed apps, I can accomplish 20x as much as I could with most other platforms.
Speaking purely personally, mathematics has consistently been the discipline that’s delivered the most bang for my buck in that regard - learning a new branch can let you solve problems that are just impossible to solve, or take pages and pages of computation, in a few lines.
I agree with mathematics; I came to the same conclusion about five years ago; I realized understanding some basic type theory made a whole lot of programming easier for me.
It's kind of dry reading, but I've been trying to get into different process calculi lately; specifically the Pi Calculus and Join Calculus, since these things feel like a cool hybrid of computer-science and mathematics.
Also, Tony Hoare's book on CSP is actually a fairly interesting read; certainly interesting if you like Go. You can actually download it legally free here: [2]
In regards to type theory, I'd recommend starting by learning Haskell, just to make the terminology a little less scary, then picking up the book "Basic Simple Type Theory" by J Roger Hindley. Don't let the name fool you, it's still pretty heavy stuff; there's no way I would have been able to get through it if I hadn't learned Haskell beforehand. [3]
[1] https://www.amazon.com/Programming-Distributed-Computing-Sys...
[3] https://www.amazon.com/Simple-Cambridge-Theoretical-Computer...
They do have some major fundamental differences though and I think the similarity is often overstated.
Phoenix doesn’t have a magical asset pipeline, it doesn’t have a whole library of language extensions a la ActiveSupport, it doesn’t represent dB rows as objects. Those are just a few things off the top of my head.
Additionally all requests to an app running Phoenix/Cowboy/Plug are separate processes and can happen in parallel without having to stand up multiple app instances.
The creators of elixir were rubyists. As someone who used to Ruby and now Elixirs, a lot of the joy of the platform (relevant to gp's comment) has made it over. Elixir is legitimately as fun to program in as Ruby, if not more so. I think that the developers of elixir care about the user experience in a way that basically no other language seems to.
I could of course be biased because before Ruby I used to program in an actor-like C++ framework, so everything just feels like I'm coming home to a home I never knew existed to me.