You don’t need a phone number to open a google or gmail account. It asks for it but it’s a skippable step
Though I learned it does not ask for one (or is skippable) if you create an account on an android device (I use a tablet for that).
However if you create a new account via a desktop browser, it's not been required.
for your first account, it is not required. once they think you are opening more than one, or they think you may be a bit, a working non-voip humber is required.
tragedy of the commons.