India heatwave temperatures pass 50 Celsius
phys.org
phys.org
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet-bulb_temperature
The wet-bulb temperature (WBT) is the temperature read by a thermometer covered in water-soaked cloth (wet-bulb thermometer) over which air is passed.
Sustained wet-bulb temperature exceeding 35 °C (95 °F) is likely to be fatal even to fit and healthy people, unclothed in the shade next to a fan; at this temperature our bodies switch from shedding heat to the environment, to gaining heat from it.[8] Thus 35 °C (95 °F) is the threshold beyond which the body is no longer able to adequately cool itself. A study by NOAA from 2013 concluded that heat stress will reduce labor capacity considerably under current emissions scenarios.[9]
A 2010 study concluded that under a worst-case scenario for global warming with temperatures 12 °C (22 °F) higher than 2007, the wet-bulb temperature limit for humans could be exceeded around much of the world in future centuries.[10] A 2015 study concluded that parts of the globe could become uninhabitable.[11] An example of the threshold at which the human body is no longer able to cool itself and begins to overheat is a humidity level of 50% and a high heat of 46 °C (115 °F), as this would indicate a wet-bulb temperature of 35 °C (95 °F).
The 2015 Indian heat wave saw wet-bulb temperatures in Andhra Pradesh reach 30 °C (86 °F). A similar wet-bulb temperature was reached during the 1995 Chicago heat wave.
This is scary, what's a good way to survive for someone that doesn't have access to a bunker or AC? Immersing oneself in water in a bathtub?
But in a detached demographic sense: effectively everyone lives in a city in the modern world, and while their housing might not be air conditioned most of the major buildings are. In an emergency like this everyone would just crowd into office buildings and shopping malls.
That's not to say this wouldn't be horrifying, but it's not the kind of existential social crisis people tend to imagine. Cooling ourselves down in a heat wave, in the modern world, is a solved problem at least as far as keeping ourselves alive goes.
The states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh lag the rest of the nation in economic development. This statement is very much not true in those places, and even elsewhere in India. Air-conditioning is still a luxury outside of relatively well-off people's houses, corporate buildings, and malls.
> Cooling ourselves down in a heat wave, in the modern world, is a solved problem at least as far as keeping ourselves alive goes.
People there can't afford to not work. Sitting in an air-conditioned space for half the working day 4 months a year is not viable for them. A lot of the work is manual or farm labor that must necessarily be done outdoors.
Not saying that #climatechange isn't an emergency; but people won't suddenly die.
Unless these buildings are designed as emergency shelters for heat waves their air conditioning systems won't be able to cope with all the people.
This makes me want to go live in a deep cave somewhere :(
The principal human-appreciated effect of AC is the dehumidifying of the air when it's cooled.
The dry interior air allows human perspiration to regulate temperature effectively. The AC doesn't have to cool all the bodies, it just has to keep the air dry enough.
In a scenario where you've filled the place with people, the interior humidity is going to exceed that of the exterior air and you'd just start dumping the moisture outside exchanging with the fresh, dryer air. It's a comfort regression sure, but not a everyone dies situation.
The survival of the people doesn't come down to the AC heat pump keeping up, it comes down to supplying them enough water to drink and disposing of the humidified air.
My point is just that it's the relative humidity that matters, and the AC system has some options there. I've lived through a desert summer in a small space without any AC at all. I'd just keep the windows closed as deep into the day as possible riding out the night's cooling until the air gets too humid indoors from sweat and respiration for the fan to have any cooling effect. At that point I'd open the windows for relief. The air coming in was usually much hotter than the interior air, since the space was well insulated and nights get cool, but it didn't matter because it's very dry air and perspiration resumes functioning. The situation is easily survived unless you run out of water for your person.
Of course if the outdoor air is something like 100% humidity there's only the heat pump option, but that simply doesn't happen in deserts when it's hot out. It's a desert, not the tropics.
In the desert the relative humidity shoots up when it cools down, the humid nights are the worst. But it's because they cooled down. Again, not a survival problem since it's not that hot, just uncomfortably muggy. One saving grace with deserts is they don't generally have any mosquitoes, so these humid nights can easily be spent outdoors without any annoyance.
That's equivalent to opening a window without the AC doing anything. If that would work we wouldn't be in a "crowd everyone into a shopping center" type situation, the people would be just fine outside in the shade.
> It's a desert, not the tropics.
While half of India is in the tropics, this part indeed isn't. But next month the monsoon will put humidity at approximately 100% [1].
1: https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/delhi/new-delhi-30/
Even when the air temperature at your fresh air intake is cooler than the air at your condensor coil? Wouldn't we assume no system would draw its fresh air from near the condensor coil?
You still have a heat pump in the system, and there's a temperature difference between the air inlet and the pump outlet.
Specifically the ambient indoor air heat is absorbed by refrigerant which is transformed into a superheated vapor saturated with moisture. When this vapor either touches a cooler surface, or has cooler air blown past it, it will dehumidify and exhaust the heat it has absorbed indoors to the outside. The mechanical work done by the AC (fans, pumps) is also being released as heat. So the total energy being dumped outside is therefore the heat that's taken from the inside plus the energy used by the AC released as heat.
Humans burning calories to stay alive creates heat, and thermodynamics that you spend energy to remove it or see the temperature rise. Whether that heat is hot air or bound as humidity shouldn't make a large difference.
You can see there that even at extremely dry conditions, if the operative (ambient + radiant) temperature is hot enough, it will cause heat discomfort. Even if the human starts sweating, that'll only reduce the temperature a bit so dehumidification isn't the only role of air conditions, sensible cooling is also a factor.
https://www.rehva.eu/knowledge-base/rehva-journal/chapter/ai...
See the pie chart on page two: eletricity consumption from cooling systems is 17% of global consumption. The IPCC expects this usage to rise as temperatures rise.
I would also like to challenge the notion that human beings understand how to use air conditioning units. In pretty much every building I visited or vehicle I boarded with air conditioning, if the unit was on, the windows were also wide open at the same time. In Greece, where I'm from, in the summer, you can cool down just by walking past stores, with their doors thrown wide to signal they're open for business and their air conditioning blasting cool air onto the street. It may be 42°C in the shade, but in front of our shop, it's 15°! Come on in and buy our stuff! But put on your coat first.
Contemplate for a second the futility of this behaviour: air conditioning pumps heat out of a room, into the environment; leaving the windows open allows the heat to circulate back into the room. The unit typically has a thermostat, also typically set at an unrealistically low value, that would cause the user to turn on the heating in winter. The unit goes to work and pushes the warm air out trying to reach its target temperature. The warm air cycles back in from outside and tries to raise the temperature. The unit keeps working, and working, and working, wasting energy all the time. Eventually, this contributes to warming, which causes more people to buy and misuse air conditioning.
We might know how to survive a heat wave, by our clever use of technology, but we don't know how to use technology to avoid more and more severe heat waves.
Edit: because obviousy I also go into shops to buy stuff and I've never seen an air door used. If air doors are used, they are very, very rare.
The point is emergency management here. And I'd bet anything that somewhere there's a workable plan drawn up for exactly this kind of occurrence.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailing_in_India#The_Indian_...
Aside from ACs having a limit on cooling far below “everyone packed in a building”, if you’ve ever done business in India, I don’t see how one could assume there would be a plan drawn up for this grand of a scenario, much less many smaller scale scenarios.
There's vastly more to India than a few metro cities. A quick google search reveals that around 65+ % of Indian population lives in rural areas.
India is in for some very dark times if the climate situation gets worse. The positive lining in the cloud is that we have some measure of political stability for the next 5 years.
Heat waves spur increases in violent crime, limited in some degree by the fact that people stay in their own homes in really hot (but not uninhabitably so) heat waves.
Heat waves that go further to where the only survivable solution is pulling people out of their homes into large communal shelters (whether they otherwise serve as offices or shopping malls or whatever) is...going to be very ugly.
And that's even before considering whether the facilities or supporting infrastructure (plumbing, electrical systems, etc.) are adequate to support these places being used as shelters. Almost certainly they won't be until it's happened and failed a few times, and even after that the places that most need it will be the least able to finance the necessary upgrades.
Of course you can't start digging while dying of heat stroke and you can't crowd people into any places (people are great space heaters). With education about proper measures a few days should be survivable for rural populations. In cities you just need air conditioning, there's no other viable way to cool large amounts of people.
Granted I don't know the wet-bulb temp actually exceeded 35C
The most effective preventive measure, in my experience, is to drink (~200ml of) mineral-filled water once every half an hour. The body's heat regulation mechanism works best when provided with sufficient amount of water. The problem only begins to manifest once the body water levels aren't good enough to dispose of heat as well as maintain blood circulation in which case the body prefers to give up heat regulation over fluid circulation.
Under normal circumstances, we are used to drinking water only when we get thirsty. Under extreme heat, however, by the time thirst signal kicks in it could be too late. I learned this the hard way during long-distance cycling. Since then I've followed cyclists' mantra of eat-before-hungry and drink-before-thirsty.
Another thing to keep in mind is to drink mineralized water (such as Gatorade, juices, tender coconut water, etc.,). When you sweat you also lose a lot of minerals so replenishing just water isn't good enough.
Most of the heat wave death in India doesn't occur in an urban setting as people have access to water within walking distance. It is the farmers who are in the most danger as a) They are directly exposed to sun b) They are engaged in strenuous physical activity. By the time they realize the danger they are in it'd be too late and they lose consciousness with no one around them to help out in vast agricultural fields.
35°C is slightly cooler than body temperature, so it would work just a little bit as a heatsink, but another degree or two and even that becomes ineffective.
So a large body of water stays cool for a long time, and then stabilizes around the daily average temperature, not the high.
However the acceptable temperature range in water is also much smaller because under water we exchange heat quickly and don't have a way to cool below the temperature of the water. Water above ~38°C would be dangerous to stay submersed in. Not a problem for huge bodies of water, but important to keep in mind on the small scale.
while some parts of the world warm to become uninhabitable, others will warm to the opposite.
A temperature inversion also happened that July, so no wind and pollution stagnated over the city.
Wet-bulb is the measurement of the lowest possible temperature a human body can achieve under current ambient temperatures and humidity (taking into account current wind speed). Basically the air temperature minus the ability to cool yourself by sweating given the current wind speed.
They're both designed to show how hot the air feels to your body rather than just air temperature, just with different calculations and assumptions.
I think you'd be in serious trouble after 2-3 hours.
From personal experience I've never used a sauna for more than 10 minutes and I always carry a bottle of water with me inside.
Now that I live in a place with somewhat better weather and 24x7 electricity, I feel what a privilege it is. It pains me to see a large fraction of humanity has to spend a large portion of their time using a hand fan for survival.
Bangalore (supposedly a tier-1 city) has regular power cuts throughout the year. Apartment residents don't notice this thanks to the diesel generator.
Power is cut during summers, during rains, and at other times very regularly. There are plenty of reasons and excuses for that to be happening.
Also, it is quite common for the government departments to fudge data and report temperatures > 50 Celsius as 49.x to avoid halting work / paying extra to those working under the Sun because there are regulations concerning this.
Edit: I got to know about this practice being rampant through an activist in the South who is well versed with the labour laws.
>With mercury levels in Kerala rising this summer, the state’s Labour Department has issued an order allowing mandatory break time for labourers to avoid sunstroke. All labourers in the state who are exposed to sunlight which could potentially lead to a sunstroke have been ordered to rest indoors between 12 pm and 3 pm during the summer months.
>“Those working in the morning shift will get a break from 12 pm to 3 pm. Their work timings have been fixed at 8 hours from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening. For the other shifts which begin after morning and post noon will be rescheduled to end before 12 pm and begin after 3 pm,” read the order.
>In 2018 too, the State Labour Department had issued a similar order to reschedule the shift timings of labourers during the months of February and April to avoid exposure to heat from 12 pm to 3 pm. [1]
[1] https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-govt-orders-man...
[2] https://english.manoramaonline.com/districts/thiruvananthapu...
[3] https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs...
Never heard of this. Do you have a source?
Churu has 120k inhabitants, you can call that a population center.
Going outside there even for short periods of time is extremely dangerous for some fraction of each year.
They shut the park down when this happens.
A few years ago, some tourists that didn’t heed the warning ended up dead after rental van overheated.
I don’t see how the populated areas already hitting comparable temperatures will be habitable at all in ten years.
How did you keep your electrolytes balanced drinking all that water?
^ This absolutely riveted me. It's a long read, but mindblowing for someone who's accustomed to a much more hospitable place.
Phoenix, AZ, where nearly 5 million people live, hit 50C in 1990 and has come close many times.
California desert dwellers simply spend time indoors when it's too hot outside. They use energy-efficient swamp coolers currently in otherwise conventional above-grade homes. If those cease working because the desert air becomes persistently humid even when scorching hot (this strikes me as unlikely) I expect deep basements and underground earthdomes will become more common.
I traveled there.
I lived in Tempe, AZ for years, and summer temperatures would regularly be over 45C/113F. I walked or biked four miles to work in that. There were a few days when it hit 50C/122F, and while you didn't want to be exposed to the sun for long, it was tolerable. Low humidity makes a huge difference in what you can put up with.
Our bodies rely on evaporative cooling to reduce heat, which is why we sweat and why you need water.
When humidity is above 50% evaporative cooling stops working, so temperatures slightly above our body temperature become lethal.
Obviously this is all anecdotal, but my anecdote here isn't off base.
It's relatively easy to walk or run up to 30 minutes on the commute, or after work, when temperatures are up to 43C, without carrying any water.
A few years ago, there was more danger from the religious police for wearing running shorts, than from the high temperatures.
What happens when temperatures like these are reached in high humidity zones where sweat just sticks? Will we simply have entire communities that lack air conditioning dying off?
Though given our reaction to the current wave of refugees, we will blame the refugees for their own predicament and probably George Soros, as is tradition, long before we accept any blame ourselves.
But in the case is the fuel they burn, right? India is projected to become the 2nd biggest producer of CO2 (behind China) this decade.
Also, I go around here and gasoline is so cheap that people don't care about waste. Drivers let their cars with the motor on while they go to buy some small thing to eat or drink.
[1]: https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?commodity=milk&graph...
Nothing “simply” about it.
One million people is a single city. You do have a problem if one million people are suddenly relocating. It has happened before for war, natural disasters or other reasons.
Migrating a billion people is not a thing, for the simple fact that there isn't any human settlement any close to approaching a billion people. If you're talking about the scale of a whole continent, migratory flux span over a lifetime and are not homogeneous.
Yet.
I suspect you may be right that the popular option will be to close the border. I do not agree however, that it is the better option.
Interesting way to describe people fleeing war.
A crop failure might be a natural disaster, but lots of other causes of starvation that are not.
Main point is, if you’re seeking refuge, try to put a clear-cut reason down rather than something debatable, but sensible, like absolute poverty.
This will certainly happen in a scenario where there are massive refugee populations elsewhere in the world.
Given the absolute mess migration was out of Syria into Europe (and that was comparatively minor) I think it's going to be unpleasant.
Once it starts it'll snowball as well instead of an orderly evacuation it'll be pell-mell.
Sometimes think it would be nice to have a single rational world government so that we could deal with these things on a species level.
Of course if we had a single rational world government for any length of time we wouldn't be in this mess.
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Statis...
Taking 1.5 million migrants with a population of 82 million, if the UK (my country) had done the same ratio that would have been 1.2 million, best figure I can find for UK is <20 thousand.
One thing I do wonder is what western culture will look like in a hundred years if the world bank figures are right (140-200 million displaced people).
So it's a valid question as long as it's not a veiled "will there be too many brown people".
It's interesting that you can't really broach it as a question though without it been implied that racism is involved, if you can't debate a subject without been accused of racism then you leave all debate of that subject to racists since they may not care about been accused of racism.
Too many people use race as a placeholder for culture and vice versa (same with religion).
Honestly things would be better if both sides would stop hurling slurs at each other and actually debate the issues but I figure it serves them to have this kind of fight as it gains both sides followers.
I'm seeing more and more of that kind of balkanization in the UK and it's worrying, Brexit has opened some pretty nasty wounds that may not heal in my lifetime.
I am keeping a close eye on the proposed 'Free Ports'.
>"Can "free ports" spark a post-Brexit manufacturing boom? Jonty Bloom reports from Teesside, which plans to become the UK's newest free port, offering customs-free imports and hoping to bring back manufacturing jobs."
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-46349717
>"For each Free Zone, the area covered and the defined entry and exit points shall be determined by the Member State. The perimeter and the entry and exit points must be under customs supervision. Member State must communicate to the commission details of the Free Zones in operation.
>All Free Zones shall be enclosed. Persons, goods and means of transport entering or leaving Free Zones may be subject to customs controls."
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/notice-3001-speci...
No, you would be in another mess.
Alternatively, take the way North Korea is run and make it global. This is the only way it could work.
As a third alternative, take the way the EU is run, and make it global.
What are the problems? There is way too much diversity for a single entity to handle the various aspects.
Gut response is wherever is currently the hottest but that may not be the case since there are a bunch of factors that will effect it.
Good report on it here.
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/infographic/2018/03/19/gro...
Direct Link: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/2... (PDF)
For instance, climate change played some role in the current Venezuelan refugee crisis (the one that has Trump separating families and housing people in camps under overpasses, or bussing them to sanctuary cities).
Today, the main problem is that their government started to collapse in 2017, so they are unable to supply food to their population.
Why did the government start to collapse? Well, they have seen lower crop yields in recent years, which means more food imports, which means they are more vulnerable to embargoes, etc.
It only has data to 2016, but this site shows across the board agricultural production collapses in 2015 and 2016.
https://www.ceicdata.com/en/venezuela/agricultural-productio...
The government went into disarray in 2017.
In 2018 (and maybe earlier; tldr) US sanctions cut off oil revenue. The sanctions are due to terrorism, corruption, human trafficking, and human rights violations, which are, again symptoms of a collapsing government:
https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10715.pdf
You may also remember tortilla riots a few years back when the price of corn spiked. That probably led to some migration.
Arguably, and famines that led to refugees in the last 10-20 years are due to climate change.
The issue is that we’re at a tipping point where they will become more common.
Spirited debate is the best thing about this place.
Steve Bannon has this book he’s always talking about, The Camp of the Saints. It’s the clearest and most concise guide for how they see the climate future rolling out. (This is also why I bristle when they get called climate change deniers. They’re not, they just reached different conclusions.)
https://observer.com/2018/05/the-insanity-of-alt-right-banno...
(Apologies, I know everyone wants to keep this a politics-light zone; this isn’t off topic.)
It's story about brown and black skinned others destroying western civilization with immigration. The motive is racist. The tone of the book is very passionate and overly emotional.
Here is short preface Jean Raspail wrote to his book:
> I HAD WANTED TO WRITE a lengthy preface to explain my position and show that this is no wild-eyed dream; that even if the specific action, symbolic as it is, may seem farfetched, the fact remains that we are inevitably heading for something of the sort. We need only glance at the awesome population figures predicted for the year 2000, i.e., twenty-eight years from now: seven billion people, only nine hundred million of whom will be white. But what good would it do? I should at least point out, though, that many of the texts I have put into my characters’ mouths or pens—editorials, speeches, pastoral letters, laws, news stories, statements of every description—are, in fact, authentic. Perhaps the reader will spot them as they go by. In terms of the fictional situation I have presented, they become all the more revealing.
We are in midst of a very hot summer but it is not something out of ordinary and yearly cycle (we don't love our summers). We are eagerly awaiting monsoon to arrive in India (early june is when it hits our shores). After rains arrive, we expect our dams to fill and possible water scarcity to end
That's the problem. No matter what you think about climate change, summers are undeniably getting hotter. This might not be a doomsday, but it's something that will become more common and eventually will affect more populated areas.
And I believe that climate change is real. Definitely summers are getting hotter, and winters are getting colder and extreme weather events more frequent. Just that it is not yet a doomsday scenario
Luckily for India, it has a long shoreline.
"the temperature was 53.7 degrees Celsius, which is 128.7 degrees Fahrenheit"
https://eu.usatoday.com/story/weather/2017/06/29/129-degrees...
The https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_index, which also takes humidity into account, hit an incredible 142 degrees.
Dear HN crowd, it might not feel like it but we are quite influential. We are rich and therefore have a non-negligible command over economy. Silicon Valley is cool and people look up to us (do they? I don't really know, but wasn't Steve Jobs a national hero?) and may follow our example.
Please, take the lead. Here are a few things an hornorable member of the HN community can do
- Stop flying to conferences. Go to a local meetup. It's fun. And cheaper. If you really need to get out of town, take a train. Don't think about it as not flying for the rest of your life. Rather, can we declare a moratorium on conferences for like three years? Let's hope by then Prometheus will give us carbon-neutral jet fuel https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19842240
- Shift your investments from fossil to green. If you can't find enough worthy greens, shift it to anything else. Some say it won't impact your returns http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/news/the-mythical-per.... Move your deposits and savings to a more sustainable bank. This might be one of the most underappreciated yet simple and powerful tools https://fairfinanceguide.org
- Work less. Work part time, and part of that part time remotely. Reduce your commute. If your boss won't let you, find a job that will. In the current job market you can negotiate almost anything, and remote work must be the easiest thing to negotiate. http://cepr.net/documents/publications/climate-change-worksh.... A firm lets its employees work four days a week while being paid for five. Everyone is happy, lower electricity bills, fewer cars on the road https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/19/world/asia/four-day-workw....
- Reduce your meat consumption as much as you can. I noticed that this one is quite controversial but I am mentioning it anyway. It's fine to not go fully vegan, but make meat a special treat, something you are looking forward to, not an everyday snack. They say these new vega burgers are not too bad. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/04/30/dining/climat....
What if India were meat consuming nation just like US?
Should we really expect the same level of life for the children of couples that had 2 children and were able to properly provide for then, and for children of couples that had 6 children when they couldn't even provide properly for 2?
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/at-50-8c-chu...
edit - not quite a record - https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Rajasthans-P...
This year, May has been brutal already and I dread to think what June has in store. This is coming after a very long and very cold winter.
Btw, I was kind of impressed, when visiting India and speaking to a few locals, that they don't see climate change to be a real thing, or at least to be such a big problem, and much overrated. The claim was basically that it was always very warm, and it is just normal that way, and they don't expect it to become much warmer. I'm not sure if that is just anecdotal or if that is the major opinion by locals.
However, the Indian Government has made its stance clear on Climate Change: https://www.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/undp_climate_cha...
and: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-natio...
> The claim was basically that it was always very warm, and it is just normal that way, and they don't expect it to become much warmer
I think they might have misunderstood you. They might have thought you are talking about weather and not climate change. Human body may not notice slight changes in temperature but the ecosystem does. For instance, those locals you spoke to may not have personally experienced any change but if you had instead asked them about droughts, drying of wells or yield of crops they would have definitely given you a totally different reply.
And every ten meters, when asking for directions, ha ha :)
And the best part is that some of them, if asked "where is so-and-so place" (hotel / restaurant / bus station / etc.), will dramatically raise their arm, point "that-a-way", and say "tum XYZ chowk ko cross karke seeeedddddhaaaayyy jao" (you cross XYZ square and go sttttrrrraaaiiiiggggghhhhhhhtttt) - without mentioning in which direction to straight from the square ...
Always good for a few giggles (apart from the frustration).
Indian here.
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Rajasthans-P...
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-36339523
That said, it does not mean that it is normal either.
There appears to be a cluster of temps over 50 recently, but before that you seemingly have to go back to 1956 to get over 50 degrees. I could be wrong again however. If someone has better data, I'd like it if they could link to it.
That's very much not my experience. And regardless of beliefs, actual government policy and individual action are largely emissions-reducing. See a comment I posted some time ago: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18164816
I think in Europe it's called midsummer - middle of summer. That's what Wikipedia says as well.
> Traditionally, in many temperate regions (especially Europe), the summer solstice is seen as the middle of summer and referred to as "midsummer".
why is it bad to state the reason for flagging something? alright, then I don't explain it in the future. np.