https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/23/technology/gmail-ads.html
Any aggregation or segmentation of emails by ML/AI algorithms, as your article talks about, is analogous to having smarter filters in your inbox. It's tech illiteracy to confuse these perception NNs with data mining for business purposes.
It is absolutely mining email, and it's extracting purchase data from it, that isn't even used in Gmail or revealed to users in any visible context, it's buried in settings. What Google uses it for? I don't know, as you said, they claimed they stopped using Gmail data for ad targeting purposes two years ago. But they're definitely working on extracting this very valuable and marketable data... for some reason.
Is it possible that Google generically collects user purchase data, including from Gmail, and then whilst not using "Gmail data" for ad targeting, it does use the "purchase data" which has been generically made part of a user's Google profile? That'd be splitting hairs real close, but it'd probably be good enough for the lawyers.
It's technical illiteracy to confuse parsing and filtering with data mining for ads. Read the article, or don't, this is just a comment.
Not only that, but as the articles about purchase data parsing states, you can't even opt out of it or remove items from Google's purchase history information except to delete the emails themselves. Which, for people entrusting their communications to Gmail, is a drastic step. It's surprising to even have a "remove" button, but for it then to tell you, in order to do so, you have to delete your emails.
As an aside, it's not doxxing someone when you post as your real name, and publish your employer publicly under the same name. The "my opinions are my own" line is a release of Google's legal liability for what you say, which is why a lot of employers suggest or require similar statements. However, it's psychologically impossible for your opinions to not be swayed by the employer who pays you and whom you spend a large percentage of your time with, regardless of whether or not you are "representing" them officially or not.
Probably not. Not only because I don't think the courts would agree with that division being real. But also because it's absurdly expensive compared to just purchasing the data from CC providers which explicitly retain the right to sell your transaction history.
I have no special knowledge of why they're doing that, but I have suspicions and they're mostly about enabling the exact same sort of stuff I lacked the means to enable at my fintech startup.
Even if Google can get some of that data, its still Amazon's data, Google just happens to get some of it.