The sort of ~100 page softcover reference book that we were permitted to use in highschool math, physics, and chemistry exams is called around here, literally translated, a book of tables. The term is probably a remnant from a time before pocket calculators when it contained actual trig and log tables. "Book of formulas" would probably be a more apt name nowadays. Not sure if there's a common word for such a thing in English.
I'm not sure there's really an English word for it. That's strange.
I guess, but a very abridged version. It contains highschool-level things like trig identities, integration rules, fundamental physics and chemistry equations, values for various constants, and so on. It’s published by the national association of science teachers. The idea is making exams more about how knowledge is applied than rote memorization.
Normally, I've heard others reference books like A&S as a "handbook."
It's even in the formal title.
Right. Only "handbook" is so broad. It could be about any subject.
In Ireland, we literally called our reference book for exams "the log tables", despite there not having been any table of logs in any edition of it for quite a long time.
I believe that this sort of collection of tables is commonly called an “almanac”—but maybe only when the subject is of practical use.