This issue isn't Docker, Docker itself obviously can't deal with this. The issue is the examples and tutorial people provide on Docker packaging often don't talk about the requirements (pun intended) for reproducible builds at all.

Or they don't talk about need to run as not-root.

Or they suggest base images that are often broken in subtle ways (Alpine Linux).

Or they talk about multi-stage builds for small images, and neglect to explain that you've just destroyed your caching (this is fixable, but you need to know to expect it and how to fix it.)

Etc.